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![Violin plot of the parameter: a) amount of Component A [%], b) amount of Component B [%], c) amount of granite powder [%], d) amount of linen fibers [%], e) density [g/cm3], and f) fb [MPa].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64737a3e4e662f30ba53f8da/j_sgem-2024-0024_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCDONMZAN%2F20260306%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260306T043628Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEBAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIB8ZCgA%2BITwkrLg4cnkcH0tVrg7wv5sK6alW9sKaRKxzAiBBSg5OmnF7%2F1jtCsDBMVYEynvzFRAKOE5xlECGOFxzlirGBQjZ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMSh2Fvmj%2BYJ6%2BFiFHKpoFcxj2xw7KvISCwH1sZjbeZrm00ICCP6Ukh2jgPIW0Liw5GZ5l1kxqph5PPXSq%2FYvg6PnJLnN%2BZdjqeAdSvDsQekqaIvGVEgidsjTbdoD3Qac7xVsRfX%2Fkva6c1f1mJLf2TevyZNPjmi4Xm2xareLUjdbR5hhtppSbX%2FRQMWPVDj6L3Q00KxoVWSVGHahflQP5Y1tJC1FdWR6oJ8HzmCNYUVP%2BJJbovvAwHYo8RPeKdRT7HgVqkwhu7ldFezF9LLxyi3a0SDJWicZE%2BdMgj3BJ5EulZodXYi2y3ogTvD0X064DGdaNILr2%2F9zjb4hEv%2B095o9ggYM0HV5Ygh1ymP2%2B%2BaSPPOIUaAhrt00KEmBdrJ%2FKxhKTzbNTrDwITf0TVMY0o04xGx7OZK1CgTxOpw2XkvGF4i3I2gI4ShVJZKPJFO0KqC0Sp0TSweAsE78NaLHzGMMHf74p5WheUWQPLNFIW3jO3Isxmi9q66jxGjVxOpXkGshxVgQrdStFsf1HYc3AJQEfeE2nQudzOjb7uVAgcqzahmsjQWKAxtQRbkzL6w9DejusPhGbTxH71UtCi542QG%2BSD1uA%2BmDvykaxiQD%2FI3SeA9sNZPikPCHfEBCzVgWI8x%2Bk8WoKArWdR8T%2FnVTjZi11bSozZIFQaoBJtjmn6AiEAA9NDvf2RqXB1B9uPCrX24Xi%2FotmhYXlm8BQA0wZQUvViJtCV1MfXvbd1GDkrMKQGe8fBahc8nwqhfJV5avSfUVeoR73%2F8MrVDKtiFoROZroDCOz4YmHkAKTxo%2BRVy%2FmfwJ5i%2FBl4auh%2FhqHz0IytWov2IKe3e2b3De40ODEX6YMNzsi03FkO1MrE7ZIp1q3MwjDbQPj18YrM2VLli4MvwZj7VtiWjanML2lqM0GOrIBP1LbySlujbP5H1A2gMMwwOQT7ZmxjRmm4tl%2B4oybsf2c378wHG%2BZjULMnmT4PpLnDc5B2Cq44GWkuqyURa2pGjJfMxWw%2BJiWgp2ix1pBBhMsxWMF1hPgBlgofobwrYWzcBNmxYXejlDmSou1sXRDnOhq9KFI4YAb9UNzvB1RNW1YlY6ndwwkGMCOaj1i%2FQH4ccph1FLpoOEUug4IesZijcbW8l2js12WkoIZVsT3s60QVA%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=18e2c8c853ba3c5b34321f0c6c861092c8b4d729b3a33d05b2b0b03bb76fc768&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Elements of the decision tree and random forest algorithm_
| Number of input categories | Depth of trees | Number of trees (only for RF) | Minimum subset to be divided | Minimum number of categories in the leaf |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 1–20 | 20–200 | 5 | 2 |
Descriptive statistics of the input and output parameters_
| Min. | Max. | St.dev. | Mean | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount of Component A [%] | 0,455 | 0,752 | 0,077 | 0,560 | 0,297 |
| Amount of Component B [%] | 0,155 | 0,310 | 0,035 | 0,252 | 0,105 |
| Amount of granite powder [%] | 0,000 | 0,375 | 0,112 | 0,182 | 0,375 |
| Amount of linen fibers [%] | 0,000 | 0,015 | 0,005 | 0,006 | 0,015 |
| Density [g/cm3] | 1,100 | 1,306 | 0,060 | 1,196 | 0,206 |
| fb [MPa] | 1,950 | 3,520 | 0,223 | 2,546 | 1,570 |
Summary of correlation coefficients R, RMSE, and average percentage forecast errors MAPE for selected models_
| AI Model | Statistical metrics | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| R [-] | RMSE [MPa] | MAPE [%] | |
| Linear regression | 0,6277 | 0,2299 | 7,4244 |
| Decision tree | 0,8310 | 0,1643 | 4,0814 |
| Random forest | 0,8848 | 0,1376 | 3,7156 |
| Artificial neural networks | 0,8744 | 0,1312 | 3,8098 |