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![Violin plot of the parameter: a) amount of Component A [%], b) amount of Component B [%], c) amount of granite powder [%], d) amount of linen fibers [%], e) density [g/cm3], and f) fb [MPa].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64737a3e4e662f30ba53f8da/j_sgem-2024-0024_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLV32NR4M%2F20260306%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260306T060341Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEBQaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFLvPLXUG%2F3hts6lxVDeg0V1AyLGTBoh%2FZBJE03AWaW8AiAwCQNeUxguJ1o1Jitas%2BZ5SAhFKKSJ2QtON9553XiV0irGBQjd%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIM9X3HGtQI2o7UO%2BS2KpoFxG7ar8PSEQAdM1CFVlXpyDrKaTO5gZJY%2Bb0H6B8LNfpVNgkJOuIe%2B9NLBis8%2Fprsn8bTeVYKPQnvOC41LHTWcNu00sat0gioJHkasLPSMcprw1BFnMAAIIkcI4JhITa4FDgPio7IFd4lhEz2ogrsBS779wlwdLrf1fi7VeAW5cMnqjc5PQVWYOWg80u6bguMBcCG1Mp81p2ra0MdUkI%2FPhw7gZ1WNUQvdI5U6bv10EKlr6JnmK0p8EbJTTEGUzgv%2Bx9DkcpBuy2jqZzEV1ZjNMAweN4ajHAwNjwH8oedNak7aeu57x1sxT3hBWpPvHzcq47OTuF%2BD1xpNlQoj1PDqKa9fpq4pogK8ya6gQiW6vzjFXA4nd7OCH3zFuh7On1kP8FPgbyxIhk1WG2PNbknoEkwc%2F3SgduubLF08fr%2FJQcICro3Euw9Vq3mUdCPOeYukkLR62eklM05iFPKMTf10Nl%2B4kwK5j86nubZ7dLrKrqZ3XTGcL5xSHyHK1SEVrSOtUwGmZaB4F4xbvAywifc53wCTZLLPx4vLOxaBNoAgiDwrCgCsGxuZ8w9l1WKjZDPwRAj0v7H4CRc6mtkKGyE4nhhnxMAjawduoK8Mb%2F3r6CsLyM6%2B29EVfqNynsGb%2BjloIyaEeJ3skvOZjSDEh5%2Fd8ol0VyUWP%2F4N5CjzRtch5k2hYBwPH02cHvRHj38IkcWDCMrffPATh41BYb2yNBwlkGvyIPZm35Kzzy8aTxQsTuVZjQ0eK4z4HVOpjGf3QWHqEwydzcwgo4lRI0YKO7wf3hd1iMCBEmZUwthCEciA4yYOw0ZjXjKTqt%2FMTfL%2BYlIc78YZ5fC6tlcfS%2FiiaeYzofJJ5BVhakioniADVcu9mKBeZvVsj6MrZdBMKSiqc0GOrIBQsAGShH29riYEgAfTNsytPCjtJUJZ2YAqie2KAtXMOfuiFj%2BTIMLuMSG6TUkCPo8cGb18oZOzaYqAhY4LDkJfc9%2FPTayNCqHCi6Dbl189%2BugY75PzavphSkQYus3ram8FWTa1E86pg9Kwf9Sh35aXUdyHJNKPe05zUqVxZqyynWUm%2FSxeJpsP3GvWtwtCMkUbJX0M0MQIk9QlnSniw%2FLQOcyarjiXs8eDDR0aYsEv%2Bpc0A%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=f818aca883a3810b767e4be0ee35b1179b167c3c168ad735f67244dd6d0bca05&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
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Elements of the decision tree and random forest algorithm_
| Number of input categories | Depth of trees | Number of trees (only for RF) | Minimum subset to be divided | Minimum number of categories in the leaf |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 1–20 | 20–200 | 5 | 2 |
Descriptive statistics of the input and output parameters_
| Min. | Max. | St.dev. | Mean | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount of Component A [%] | 0,455 | 0,752 | 0,077 | 0,560 | 0,297 |
| Amount of Component B [%] | 0,155 | 0,310 | 0,035 | 0,252 | 0,105 |
| Amount of granite powder [%] | 0,000 | 0,375 | 0,112 | 0,182 | 0,375 |
| Amount of linen fibers [%] | 0,000 | 0,015 | 0,005 | 0,006 | 0,015 |
| Density [g/cm3] | 1,100 | 1,306 | 0,060 | 1,196 | 0,206 |
| fb [MPa] | 1,950 | 3,520 | 0,223 | 2,546 | 1,570 |
Summary of correlation coefficients R, RMSE, and average percentage forecast errors MAPE for selected models_
| AI Model | Statistical metrics | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| R [-] | RMSE [MPa] | MAPE [%] | |
| Linear regression | 0,6277 | 0,2299 | 7,4244 |
| Decision tree | 0,8310 | 0,1643 | 4,0814 |
| Random forest | 0,8848 | 0,1376 | 3,7156 |
| Artificial neural networks | 0,8744 | 0,1312 | 3,8098 |