Figure 1
![(a) Examples of mixing zone for river discharges: (A) a traditional shoreline discharge, (B) a submerged offshore single-port discharge, (C) a regular perpendicular diffuser design and (D) a diffuser design for navigating rivers or rivers with other cross-sectional limitations. BMZ – the width of mixing zone, LMZ – the length of the mixing zone downstream. BMZ at distance LMZ must be greater than BMZ specified in the water legislation [4]. (b) Photo of a fragment of the discharge installation damaged by sediment (after disassembly).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0036_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLWML4A4N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T072409Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG8aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIHoW1qISO9QbWtO6gMyAd1Rug2PdrWdZd6e3l75QHt6gAiBAy2t8M3QsLRQbWyblf5cSYERQFE7GlCKhoDpLhAp8Miq8BQg4EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMVSZLUhQ9gel92AZEKpkF7cig0jHRnDqBZqF2oF%2BJacCxBogx1SAe6X%2BQrL3tuWXqdurTBXEfrYl0ydtdcX3IYildjHkFLgdFn4wY2f5GNuTA1%2B0cf71Vhvv0MsLwfKQFPCg3%2BPkmYLnJSfPVOg%2FUOE%2BNiDUKiuJzSxn5EVXjahcrZu%2BJ1AFK3O0rJ%2FeBVIPuLbwFKqYBvanNxFf8ZlFw60PsmxIS4Nz9IWqiu9IKq974w7yP1A2MKoikicl8ZHw72l6C6m3KtfJyMUKksRxp%2Fjf9ETvaIchqbiFQpxG06ZSEnisY%2BxpdRW7b5snmY0D5AK6QRaWrSLMrmjBs5HsI5XsfyF0FUggG3v1YEiqM1by%2F%2BEkSb2GKJN%2BjSsnS9IjHMmcx8HTD47yWmOyijOici9w1wfH%2FdVwjJnsUJFaM134UgsHxTF2f1Clw8%2BQad9xuc4ElWLaU27FroKKab%2By7i%2BbgLlcwOX9wXWe4A4Cj0H56e8yPx7eyraGay5XTd11xl3b1NGVUexcC6po0df2l7nh3yPhZxJI91tqBCJDfZCelYxgeQ%2BSsFgWoNDNBpCyR7dd4Rw9kD4bUmpLdJdE7mVZ6joPkbzl5x5MnhbcCfAOEc68jE0n9Jr4VAgdAYPSLT51TQ%2F6riBmSDDEzdPY3jFWCER%2FqbUqF2FlT%2B4rcMXxE%2FW8lnA7MYk%2FHElUGjTvs4KvpPvpJtIA6YaAZ8DnjrnONEDAsP9ihlDAgh8wOvSrGnBK4YZSFhGDYS8PUqwWeCE%2Bck7ZG3hmn2XQ%2F%2BUyuaa%2BHKt%2FP76E5Xl6c4%2FwpZLQeuZqD6npNn3l8EOQnYOW4E2MPpqEt1xwGJYT9SRd%2Fxbevdo%2BgGlEOAYLxgRapnmT3pDUvbpOzSyRwu%2FebhAUypbnxMAwEMMgwlZ%2FcywY6sgGWusXcIj7JV7iY%2F0axHUaWnT0OWk0hgFmuZWZNvMSzfMetOfJBGm%2B%2FW%2BI2Ogc2HcYsbf1SOTZePanWi%2BhE3dE3q79%2Bs1bX8OatXQ4YDsgiW%2FCsbwqO%2BuaJfcfqRozKPzNJDgVLGyvWwp1NmSbbeRlFQSRPbTEov8QXGZ5dobj41LrMYoqOLZCAhZsoNi4kjiFsCf7euZjOrE%2FRvxaCGMb1QkJVwlAZv6%2FNbDCLJQidRS59&X-Amz-Signature=7b7069a0930d7a60d8c26145481404f296fdf7eeb5c72ddc5bdebaee19cbefaa&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2
![A diagram of the flow of the KGHM mine water [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0036_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLWML4A4N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T072409Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG8aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIHoW1qISO9QbWtO6gMyAd1Rug2PdrWdZd6e3l75QHt6gAiBAy2t8M3QsLRQbWyblf5cSYERQFE7GlCKhoDpLhAp8Miq8BQg4EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMVSZLUhQ9gel92AZEKpkF7cig0jHRnDqBZqF2oF%2BJacCxBogx1SAe6X%2BQrL3tuWXqdurTBXEfrYl0ydtdcX3IYildjHkFLgdFn4wY2f5GNuTA1%2B0cf71Vhvv0MsLwfKQFPCg3%2BPkmYLnJSfPVOg%2FUOE%2BNiDUKiuJzSxn5EVXjahcrZu%2BJ1AFK3O0rJ%2FeBVIPuLbwFKqYBvanNxFf8ZlFw60PsmxIS4Nz9IWqiu9IKq974w7yP1A2MKoikicl8ZHw72l6C6m3KtfJyMUKksRxp%2Fjf9ETvaIchqbiFQpxG06ZSEnisY%2BxpdRW7b5snmY0D5AK6QRaWrSLMrmjBs5HsI5XsfyF0FUggG3v1YEiqM1by%2F%2BEkSb2GKJN%2BjSsnS9IjHMmcx8HTD47yWmOyijOici9w1wfH%2FdVwjJnsUJFaM134UgsHxTF2f1Clw8%2BQad9xuc4ElWLaU27FroKKab%2By7i%2BbgLlcwOX9wXWe4A4Cj0H56e8yPx7eyraGay5XTd11xl3b1NGVUexcC6po0df2l7nh3yPhZxJI91tqBCJDfZCelYxgeQ%2BSsFgWoNDNBpCyR7dd4Rw9kD4bUmpLdJdE7mVZ6joPkbzl5x5MnhbcCfAOEc68jE0n9Jr4VAgdAYPSLT51TQ%2F6riBmSDDEzdPY3jFWCER%2FqbUqF2FlT%2B4rcMXxE%2FW8lnA7MYk%2FHElUGjTvs4KvpPvpJtIA6YaAZ8DnjrnONEDAsP9ihlDAgh8wOvSrGnBK4YZSFhGDYS8PUqwWeCE%2Bck7ZG3hmn2XQ%2F%2BUyuaa%2BHKt%2FP76E5Xl6c4%2FwpZLQeuZqD6npNn3l8EOQnYOW4E2MPpqEt1xwGJYT9SRd%2Fxbevdo%2BgGlEOAYLxgRapnmT3pDUvbpOzSyRwu%2FebhAUypbnxMAwEMMgwlZ%2FcywY6sgGWusXcIj7JV7iY%2F0axHUaWnT0OWk0hgFmuZWZNvMSzfMetOfJBGm%2B%2FW%2BI2Ogc2HcYsbf1SOTZePanWi%2BhE3dE3q79%2Bs1bX8OatXQ4YDsgiW%2FCsbwqO%2BuaJfcfqRozKPzNJDgVLGyvWwp1NmSbbeRlFQSRPbTEov8QXGZ5dobj41LrMYoqOLZCAhZsoNi4kjiFsCf7euZjOrE%2FRvxaCGMb1QkJVwlAZv6%2FNbDCLJQidRS59&X-Amz-Signature=85e2d6ff3a927de8b2b79f4a6ce97de089c7c33bc7d44893f2d5738e1897ad6b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3
Figure 4
![Cross section of the discharge installation, dimensions in mm [14].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647379824e662f30ba53f85f/j_sgem-2021-0036_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKLWML4A4N%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T072409Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEG8aDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIHoW1qISO9QbWtO6gMyAd1Rug2PdrWdZd6e3l75QHt6gAiBAy2t8M3QsLRQbWyblf5cSYERQFE7GlCKhoDpLhAp8Miq8BQg4EAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMVSZLUhQ9gel92AZEKpkF7cig0jHRnDqBZqF2oF%2BJacCxBogx1SAe6X%2BQrL3tuWXqdurTBXEfrYl0ydtdcX3IYildjHkFLgdFn4wY2f5GNuTA1%2B0cf71Vhvv0MsLwfKQFPCg3%2BPkmYLnJSfPVOg%2FUOE%2BNiDUKiuJzSxn5EVXjahcrZu%2BJ1AFK3O0rJ%2FeBVIPuLbwFKqYBvanNxFf8ZlFw60PsmxIS4Nz9IWqiu9IKq974w7yP1A2MKoikicl8ZHw72l6C6m3KtfJyMUKksRxp%2Fjf9ETvaIchqbiFQpxG06ZSEnisY%2BxpdRW7b5snmY0D5AK6QRaWrSLMrmjBs5HsI5XsfyF0FUggG3v1YEiqM1by%2F%2BEkSb2GKJN%2BjSsnS9IjHMmcx8HTD47yWmOyijOici9w1wfH%2FdVwjJnsUJFaM134UgsHxTF2f1Clw8%2BQad9xuc4ElWLaU27FroKKab%2By7i%2BbgLlcwOX9wXWe4A4Cj0H56e8yPx7eyraGay5XTd11xl3b1NGVUexcC6po0df2l7nh3yPhZxJI91tqBCJDfZCelYxgeQ%2BSsFgWoNDNBpCyR7dd4Rw9kD4bUmpLdJdE7mVZ6joPkbzl5x5MnhbcCfAOEc68jE0n9Jr4VAgdAYPSLT51TQ%2F6riBmSDDEzdPY3jFWCER%2FqbUqF2FlT%2B4rcMXxE%2FW8lnA7MYk%2FHElUGjTvs4KvpPvpJtIA6YaAZ8DnjrnONEDAsP9ihlDAgh8wOvSrGnBK4YZSFhGDYS8PUqwWeCE%2Bck7ZG3hmn2XQ%2F%2BUyuaa%2BHKt%2FP76E5Xl6c4%2FwpZLQeuZqD6npNn3l8EOQnYOW4E2MPpqEt1xwGJYT9SRd%2Fxbevdo%2BgGlEOAYLxgRapnmT3pDUvbpOzSyRwu%2FebhAUypbnxMAwEMMgwlZ%2FcywY6sgGWusXcIj7JV7iY%2F0axHUaWnT0OWk0hgFmuZWZNvMSzfMetOfJBGm%2B%2FW%2BI2Ogc2HcYsbf1SOTZePanWi%2BhE3dE3q79%2Bs1bX8OatXQ4YDsgiW%2FCsbwqO%2BuaJfcfqRozKPzNJDgVLGyvWwp1NmSbbeRlFQSRPbTEov8QXGZ5dobj41LrMYoqOLZCAhZsoNi4kjiFsCf7euZjOrE%2FRvxaCGMb1QkJVwlAZv6%2FNbDCLJQidRS59&X-Amz-Signature=3b2022faec88b7ef39841096146a480baa3bac79841638400741a9c525b676ab&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Input data and results_
| No. | Qi | Ai | uxi | qd | uzd | Cd | Cavg | Cmax |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m3 s−1 | m2 | m s−1 | m3 s−1 | m s−1 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | |
| 1 | 41 | 63.58 | 0.645 | 0.282 | 0.0007 | 40 | 0.2729 | 0.341 |
| 2 | 51 | 75.25 | 0.678 | 0.425 | 0.0010 | 40 | 0.3306 | 0.341 |
| 3 | 77.2 | 106.11 | 0.728 | 0.767 | 0.0018 | 40 | 0.3933 | 0.497 |
| 4 | 113 | 139.07 | 0.813 | 1.467 | 0.0035 | 40 | 0.5125 | 0.632 |
| 5 | 169 | 173.75 | 0.973 | 2.000 | 0.0047 | 40 | 0.4678 | 0.560 |
| 6 | 318 | 246.77 | 1.289 | 2.000 | 0.0047 | 40 | 0.2500 | 0.340 |
The results of the maximum concentration value and the component values of velocity vector ux_
| Distance | Case | (i) | (ii) | (iii) | Error (ii) - (i), % | Error (iii) - (ii), % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X = 250 m | Cs (kg m−3) | 0.991 | 0.999 | 0.997 | 0.80 | −0.14 |
| X = 250 m | ux (m s−1) | 0.999 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.12 | −0.13 |
| X = 500 m | Cs (kg m−3) | 2.022 | 2.140 | 2.173 | 5.52 | 1.52 |
| X = 500 m | ux (m s−1) | 1.442 | 1.448 | 1.437 | 0.43 | −0.71 |
Measured values of the brine concentration at selected depths in the Odra River upstream and downstream the discharge_
| Location | Salinity of the Odra River at selected depths | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | ||
| m | m | m | m | ||
| 80 m upstream the discharge | 0.188 | 0.188 | 0.181 | 0.185 | |
| 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.0 | ||
| 420 m downstream the discharge | Left riverbank | 0.614 | 0.594 | 0.594 | 0.565 |
| 2.5 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | ||
| Middle of the river's current | 0.549 | 0.566 | 0.565 | 0.565 | |
| 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | ||
| Right riverbank | 0.266 | 0.246 | 0.263 | 0.257 | |
| 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | ||
Brine propagation simulation results (Cs) compared with the measurements of chloride content (Cm) at the end of the model section_
| Left riverbank | Middle of the river's current | Right riverbank | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h | Cs | Cm | Δ | H | Cs | Cm | Δ | h | Cs | Cm | Δ |
| m | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | m | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | m | kg m−3 | kg m−3 | kg m−3 |
| 0.0 | 0.400 | 0.380 | 0.020 | 0.0 | 0.287 | 0.380 | −0.093 | 0.0 | 0.218 | 0.072 | 0.146 |
| 0.5 | 0.401 | 0.413 | −0.012 | 0.5 | 0.287 | 0.384 | −0.097 | 0.5 | 0.219 | 0.082 | 0.137 |
| 1.5 | 0.407 | 0.406 | 0.001 | 1.5 | 0.290 | 0.379 | −0.089 | 1.0 | 0.220 | 0.059 | 0.161 |
| 2.5 | 0.410 | 0.426 | −0.016 | 2.5 | 0.292 | 0.361 | −0.069 | 1.5 | 0.224 | 0.078 | 0.146 |