Figure 1
Cross section of pavement structure (Judycki et al., 2012).
Table 1
Minimum CBR values for specific materials by layer and traffic class (Judycki et al., 2012).
| Stuff | Layers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roadbase | Subbase | Capping layer | Improved subgrade | |||||
| KR1-KR2 | KR3-KR4 | KR5-KR7 | KR1-KR2 | KR3-KR7 | KR1-KR2 | KR3-KR7 | KR1-KR7 | |
| Unbound mixtures | 60 | 80 | The layer does not exist for these traffic categories | 60 | 25 | 35 | 20 | |
| Non-expansive soil | Does not apply | Does not apply | 25 | 35 | 20 | |||
Figure 2
Nomograph for determining the thickness of base and subbase layers (Çelik et al., 2017)
Figure 3
CBR test.
Figure 4
Adjusted penetration curve.
Figure 5
Map of the places where samples were taken for testing (http://redstone-exploration.com/country-profiles/poland/, 2021).
Table 2
Properties of the tested mixtures.
| Mine | Rock type | Mixtures | Mass fraction of passing 0.0063 mm, f [%] | Flatness index, Fl [%] | Shape indicator, Sl [%] | Sand equivalent, SE [%] | Optimum moisture content [%] | Maximum dry density [g/cm3] | Uniformity coefficient, Cu [−] | Coefficient of gradation, Cc [−] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dubie | Dolomite (1) | 0–31.5 mm | 4.3 | - | 19.7 | 48.7 | 5.8 | 2.21 | 37.5 | 2.4 |
| 0–63 mm | 3.3 | - | 14.8 | 47.0 | 6.2 | 2.16 | 44 | 2.1 | ||
| Grochów | Magnesite | 0–31.5 mm | 5.7 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 17.5 | 6.9 | 2.02 | 36.7 | 4.4 |
| 0–63 mm | 6.1 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 18.2 | 7.3 | 1.98 | 56.0 | 5.5 | ||
| Winna Góra | Basalt | 0–31.5 mm | 4.1 | 49.3 | 63.7 | 50.5 | 6.5 | 2.23 | 16.5 | 1.4 |
| 0–63 mm | 2.4 | 35.1 | 53.7 | 50.7 | 3.9 | 2.22 | 17.9 | 1.4 | ||
| Rogoźnica | Granite | 0–31.5 mm | 3.6 | 15.3 | 20.5 | 35.6 | 3.1 | 2.08 | 52.5 | 7.6 |
| 0–63 mm | 2.7 | 12.9 | 14.5 | 33.7 | 2.1 | 2.05 | 42.4 | 7.4 | ||
| Żelatowa | Dolomite (2) | 0–31.5 mm | 10.9 | - | 31.0 | 18.0 | 6.3 | 2.07 | 193.3 | 12.6 |
| 0–63 mm | 8.6 | - | 29.0 | 16.0 | 5.6 | 2.04 | 178.6 | 11.0 | ||
| Osielec | Sandstone (2) | 0–31.5 mm | 8.7 | 35.5 | 44.2 | 12.0 | 4.3 | 2.05 | 253.3 | 2.0 |
| 0–63 mm | 4.6 | 27.2 | 30.0 | 12.0 | 4.7 | 2.02 | 280.0 | 1.4 | ||
| Barcice | Sandstone (1) | 0–63 mm | 12.7 | 22.5 | 24.4 | 13.0 | 4.5 | 2.10 | 269.8 | 1.6 |
Figure 6
The curves of grain composition of the mixtures of 0–31.5 mm.
Figure 7
The curves of grain composition of the mixtures of 0–63 mm.
Figure 8
Sample no. 1 of 0–31.5 mm mixture (directly after compaction).
Figure 9
Sample no. 2 of 0–31.5 mm mixture (directly after compaction).
Figure 10
Sample no. 1 of 0–31.5 mm mixture (after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 11
Sample no. 2 of 0–31.5 mm mixture (after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 12
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–31.5 mm granite aggregate (sample no.1 directly after compaction).
Figure 13
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–-31.5 mm granite aggregate (sample no.1 after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 14
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–31.5 mm granite aggregate (sample no.2 directly after compaction).
Figure 15
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–31.5 mm granite aggregate (sample no.2 after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 16
Sample no. 1 of 0–63 mm mixture (directly after compaction).
Figure 17
Sample no. 2 of 0–63 mm mixture (directly after compaction).
Figure 18
Sample no. 1 of 0–63 mm mixture (after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 19
Sample no. 2 of 0–63 mm mixture (after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 20
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–63 mm dolomite (1) aggregate (sample no.1 directly after compaction).
Figure 21
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–63 mm dolomite (1) aggregate (sample no.1 after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 22
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–63 mm dolomite (1) aggregate (sample no.2 directly after compaction).
Figure 23
Penetration curves with adjustments for 0–63 mm dolomite (1) aggregate (sample no.2 after four days of soaking in water).
Figure 24
Regression analysis results.
Figure 25
Residuals from analysis results.