Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
![Geometry of the FE model in the VaN cross-section for individual stages of the dam raise, corresponding to the crest elevation [m a.s.l.]: a) 140.0, b) 150.0, c) 160.0, d) 173.5, e) 180.0, f) 189.0, g) 195.0.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251104%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251104T231446Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=56a381fd0765345572a8b4fb27e3aec0aebc4259ce62e9c8ea88c8997a14f827&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
Figure 9
![Horizontal displacement (ux [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251104%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251104T231446Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0963a006ef9a0fb3be8a7aa899303e97084d336097f14df0a6463e853fe54bd5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10
![Vertical displacement (uy [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251104%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251104T231446Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=dc02daf9567edcf1511e85227826dfc30b2b1271fae9d2cf8b08f95595535ec4&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11
Figure 12
Technical parameters of TSF Żelazny Most (last update in September 2020)_
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| The volume according to the damming curve | 660.0 | mln m3 |
| Water volume | 8 | mln m3 |
| Tailings volume | 652 | mln m3 |
| Pond water elevation | 184.50 | m a.s.l. |
| The crest elevation | 187.50/190.00 | m a.s.l. |
| The area of the TSF Żelazny Most (Main Object) with infrastructure | ~1580 | ha |
| The area on the inner side of the crest | 1180 | ha |
| The reservoir area | 560 | ha |
| Beach area | 620 | ha |
| The dam length in axis | 14,330 | m |
| The height of the dams | 40.0–73.0 | m |
Factors of safety for analyzed variants_
| FOS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dam elevation | Case | VIIIN | VaN |
| 180 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.59 | 1.67 |
| Loading berm | 1.59 | 1.66 | |
| Relief wells | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| 195 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.35 | 1.29 |
| Loading berm | 1.66 | 1.58 | |
| Relief wells | 1.38 | 1.39 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.62 | 1.59 | |
Summary of the preventive measures effectiveness with regard to safety of the dam_
| Evaluated feature | Case | Cross-section | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIIIN | VaN | ||
| Horizontal displacements rate | Loading berm | – | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | – | ✓ | |
| Vertical displacements rate | Loading berm | – | – |
| Relief wells | ✓ | – | |
| Both | – | – | |
| Factor of safety (FOS) | Loading berm | ✓ | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | ✓ | ✓ | |
Geotechnical parameters of the layers used in the calculations_
| Parameter | γd | γsat | ϕ | c | ψ | E | ν |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | [kN/m3] | [kN/m3] | [°] | [kPa] | [°] | [MPa] | [-] |
| Loading berm | 21.00 | 22.00 | 35 | 1 | 10 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (1) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (2) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Beach (3) | 18.00 | 19.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Sediments (4) | 17.00 | 18.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Layer 7n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 18 | 1 | 1.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 8n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 12 | 1 | 1.2 | 100 | 0.30 |
| Layer 9n | 17.30 | 20.50 | 14.5 | 5 | 1.5 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 10n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 10 | 1 | 1.0 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 12n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 27 | 1 | 2.7 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 13n | 17.67 | 21.00 | 28 | 2 | 2.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 15n | 17.97 | 21.30 | 24 | 3 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 16n | 16.87 | 20.50 | 36 | 1 | 11.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 17n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 31 | 1 | 6.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 18n | 15.86 | 19.80 | 30 | 1 | 5.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 19n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 24 | 1 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |