Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
![Geometry of the FE model in the VaN cross-section for individual stages of the dam raise, corresponding to the crest elevation [m a.s.l.]: a) 140.0, b) 150.0, c) 160.0, d) 173.5, e) 180.0, f) 189.0, g) 195.0.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHTUB44VK%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T035501Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCzJZ4bVC6Upw1ddg7F2AXjcyG5Jd%2BkYifCLCmIYhcSHQIgRicZHSGGdymvEmpyUj8WrnWiSIaXbn%2BHqGQSAdHOaQ4qxAUIyP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNv4uuVPgghO5o3m2SqYBWySS8qaLe3K3%2B2KpuYM3E7ALk6xGA%2BWp5FgDLAR5RJQ7Hfyxhykr8o5k07o46M6TE1W1t99hvtk45GSzQvmb0RDG8DT6ZnP0%2FyWs%2BX5JBM6EswuEAWBzLxKN76sQ2j6qAnZqTalraPMSIOAjC8nIqa0m907lmu2zqesdXx2nZyqSSNalLjvzyZM0OMZGxgJ2cuXKv29xGShwFnQGNKebx5pMqgNKCieMpQB4AQxaTb4VEJDlOO%2BdZJ9ZdrpuMy%2FcA%2FsJLokSwresrbC8T19Cu1%2Bqvj39w2vAfjFwti0Fx8xdy6OWMWnISeXTuQchbtFZSMfWhTi97aGif%2BUTk3JcRG4ATHFScwL%2BaEE%2FGDDI6cmFnXDksZ7%2FUg9pkSCbc3pQuF2fYQncJektDdkEDLHI1OGE2IqBeAgeV0GykqdTxkJLh5l2%2Fevp8lgi6QFH9%2FjTWr1VcnWvYqGhScBJsQx%2BRex%2FU9b1t1yq27O7Ac2RY63xjxHTRoVOvLaoPvRGMEG%2FSscRLhkN2ssInVCzlGyIBH7lEJ5qsaMprY8l%2FR%2BC4hQuADGNIDBQIUiQn1kaw0dLCjU9%2BQhuQ0MhK0%2FN9P4tnpb%2Bxljvx5Jctovv3DKTqgkhifaHc5KQ%2BIzwg%2FAija4CZvsVagXspvNbYXkBWBqQ%2BV3%2FYsrldlV0vPN8KNi8oSUwHrahhMX6vdocwtO4NvLV%2FRn3W0RD93I8llwSzBkUAq5Q%2FbodOUmhHDO9TIevmirtd6DAvJUisKEGCU5lQOClY7%2BnthKIJ2fWk9DzOFkFzTlo8nSBy3%2BuyGslPo7XHs12hsWMP3d0G9bKTdj7wAZMTkFKTN%2Fx8Fa8bni6RggLwXMYhBF3zAzCM4FtN2HXM5g4gepJqxfCeow4%2FTczQY6sQEhaRPmku%2BUsY291osXumyhcrbioiCybhOb%2FcKz8tK30IRUTgHjkN%2FNbDp85EmHe7FO9OIjlVmntY2%2BFifqeu7AxRS64yfeP3l360TYPLi0nWEoP5Pj4zi8n4TwUQ8y7Lzg6k60TIe5fzJjONL%2Frt%2FtrBsb1VITyTnAJoKvbOsF1or7I2kOWdfU4UJMEroaeyFubzxDu357ze2B3UkklAvzKxSF2UmZSzJ9AE51mRePPpY%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2873fb18c79fcc0488a039893efe9cfcfae79dc8226d19b8614b80f25d8b841c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
Figure 9
![Horizontal displacement (ux [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHTUB44VK%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T035501Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCzJZ4bVC6Upw1ddg7F2AXjcyG5Jd%2BkYifCLCmIYhcSHQIgRicZHSGGdymvEmpyUj8WrnWiSIaXbn%2BHqGQSAdHOaQ4qxAUIyP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNv4uuVPgghO5o3m2SqYBWySS8qaLe3K3%2B2KpuYM3E7ALk6xGA%2BWp5FgDLAR5RJQ7Hfyxhykr8o5k07o46M6TE1W1t99hvtk45GSzQvmb0RDG8DT6ZnP0%2FyWs%2BX5JBM6EswuEAWBzLxKN76sQ2j6qAnZqTalraPMSIOAjC8nIqa0m907lmu2zqesdXx2nZyqSSNalLjvzyZM0OMZGxgJ2cuXKv29xGShwFnQGNKebx5pMqgNKCieMpQB4AQxaTb4VEJDlOO%2BdZJ9ZdrpuMy%2FcA%2FsJLokSwresrbC8T19Cu1%2Bqvj39w2vAfjFwti0Fx8xdy6OWMWnISeXTuQchbtFZSMfWhTi97aGif%2BUTk3JcRG4ATHFScwL%2BaEE%2FGDDI6cmFnXDksZ7%2FUg9pkSCbc3pQuF2fYQncJektDdkEDLHI1OGE2IqBeAgeV0GykqdTxkJLh5l2%2Fevp8lgi6QFH9%2FjTWr1VcnWvYqGhScBJsQx%2BRex%2FU9b1t1yq27O7Ac2RY63xjxHTRoVOvLaoPvRGMEG%2FSscRLhkN2ssInVCzlGyIBH7lEJ5qsaMprY8l%2FR%2BC4hQuADGNIDBQIUiQn1kaw0dLCjU9%2BQhuQ0MhK0%2FN9P4tnpb%2Bxljvx5Jctovv3DKTqgkhifaHc5KQ%2BIzwg%2FAija4CZvsVagXspvNbYXkBWBqQ%2BV3%2FYsrldlV0vPN8KNi8oSUwHrahhMX6vdocwtO4NvLV%2FRn3W0RD93I8llwSzBkUAq5Q%2FbodOUmhHDO9TIevmirtd6DAvJUisKEGCU5lQOClY7%2BnthKIJ2fWk9DzOFkFzTlo8nSBy3%2BuyGslPo7XHs12hsWMP3d0G9bKTdj7wAZMTkFKTN%2Fx8Fa8bni6RggLwXMYhBF3zAzCM4FtN2HXM5g4gepJqxfCeow4%2FTczQY6sQEhaRPmku%2BUsY291osXumyhcrbioiCybhOb%2FcKz8tK30IRUTgHjkN%2FNbDp85EmHe7FO9OIjlVmntY2%2BFifqeu7AxRS64yfeP3l360TYPLi0nWEoP5Pj4zi8n4TwUQ8y7Lzg6k60TIe5fzJjONL%2Frt%2FtrBsb1VITyTnAJoKvbOsF1or7I2kOWdfU4UJMEroaeyFubzxDu357ze2B3UkklAvzKxSF2UmZSzJ9AE51mRePPpY%3D&X-Amz-Signature=41910fcc1031f61e112ee92e3d65be0b5cd1ac048a80e597505df593b5b18a7e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10
![Vertical displacement (uy [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKHTUB44VK%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T035501Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCzJZ4bVC6Upw1ddg7F2AXjcyG5Jd%2BkYifCLCmIYhcSHQIgRicZHSGGdymvEmpyUj8WrnWiSIaXbn%2BHqGQSAdHOaQ4qxAUIyP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDNv4uuVPgghO5o3m2SqYBWySS8qaLe3K3%2B2KpuYM3E7ALk6xGA%2BWp5FgDLAR5RJQ7Hfyxhykr8o5k07o46M6TE1W1t99hvtk45GSzQvmb0RDG8DT6ZnP0%2FyWs%2BX5JBM6EswuEAWBzLxKN76sQ2j6qAnZqTalraPMSIOAjC8nIqa0m907lmu2zqesdXx2nZyqSSNalLjvzyZM0OMZGxgJ2cuXKv29xGShwFnQGNKebx5pMqgNKCieMpQB4AQxaTb4VEJDlOO%2BdZJ9ZdrpuMy%2FcA%2FsJLokSwresrbC8T19Cu1%2Bqvj39w2vAfjFwti0Fx8xdy6OWMWnISeXTuQchbtFZSMfWhTi97aGif%2BUTk3JcRG4ATHFScwL%2BaEE%2FGDDI6cmFnXDksZ7%2FUg9pkSCbc3pQuF2fYQncJektDdkEDLHI1OGE2IqBeAgeV0GykqdTxkJLh5l2%2Fevp8lgi6QFH9%2FjTWr1VcnWvYqGhScBJsQx%2BRex%2FU9b1t1yq27O7Ac2RY63xjxHTRoVOvLaoPvRGMEG%2FSscRLhkN2ssInVCzlGyIBH7lEJ5qsaMprY8l%2FR%2BC4hQuADGNIDBQIUiQn1kaw0dLCjU9%2BQhuQ0MhK0%2FN9P4tnpb%2Bxljvx5Jctovv3DKTqgkhifaHc5KQ%2BIzwg%2FAija4CZvsVagXspvNbYXkBWBqQ%2BV3%2FYsrldlV0vPN8KNi8oSUwHrahhMX6vdocwtO4NvLV%2FRn3W0RD93I8llwSzBkUAq5Q%2FbodOUmhHDO9TIevmirtd6DAvJUisKEGCU5lQOClY7%2BnthKIJ2fWk9DzOFkFzTlo8nSBy3%2BuyGslPo7XHs12hsWMP3d0G9bKTdj7wAZMTkFKTN%2Fx8Fa8bni6RggLwXMYhBF3zAzCM4FtN2HXM5g4gepJqxfCeow4%2FTczQY6sQEhaRPmku%2BUsY291osXumyhcrbioiCybhOb%2FcKz8tK30IRUTgHjkN%2FNbDp85EmHe7FO9OIjlVmntY2%2BFifqeu7AxRS64yfeP3l360TYPLi0nWEoP5Pj4zi8n4TwUQ8y7Lzg6k60TIe5fzJjONL%2Frt%2FtrBsb1VITyTnAJoKvbOsF1or7I2kOWdfU4UJMEroaeyFubzxDu357ze2B3UkklAvzKxSF2UmZSzJ9AE51mRePPpY%3D&X-Amz-Signature=ebc742754a3567dbbf392a5f9f87d04ec0966d6888da3d5162f392c984136d9b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11
Figure 12
Technical parameters of TSF Żelazny Most (last update in September 2020)_
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| The volume according to the damming curve | 660.0 | mln m3 |
| Water volume | 8 | mln m3 |
| Tailings volume | 652 | mln m3 |
| Pond water elevation | 184.50 | m a.s.l. |
| The crest elevation | 187.50/190.00 | m a.s.l. |
| The area of the TSF Żelazny Most (Main Object) with infrastructure | ~1580 | ha |
| The area on the inner side of the crest | 1180 | ha |
| The reservoir area | 560 | ha |
| Beach area | 620 | ha |
| The dam length in axis | 14,330 | m |
| The height of the dams | 40.0–73.0 | m |
Factors of safety for analyzed variants_
| FOS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dam elevation | Case | VIIIN | VaN |
| 180 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.59 | 1.67 |
| Loading berm | 1.59 | 1.66 | |
| Relief wells | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| 195 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.35 | 1.29 |
| Loading berm | 1.66 | 1.58 | |
| Relief wells | 1.38 | 1.39 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.62 | 1.59 | |
Summary of the preventive measures effectiveness with regard to safety of the dam_
| Evaluated feature | Case | Cross-section | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIIIN | VaN | ||
| Horizontal displacements rate | Loading berm | – | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | – | ✓ | |
| Vertical displacements rate | Loading berm | – | – |
| Relief wells | ✓ | – | |
| Both | – | – | |
| Factor of safety (FOS) | Loading berm | ✓ | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | ✓ | ✓ | |
Geotechnical parameters of the layers used in the calculations_
| Parameter | γd | γsat | ϕ | c | ψ | E | ν |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | [kN/m3] | [kN/m3] | [°] | [kPa] | [°] | [MPa] | [-] |
| Loading berm | 21.00 | 22.00 | 35 | 1 | 10 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (1) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (2) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Beach (3) | 18.00 | 19.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Sediments (4) | 17.00 | 18.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Layer 7n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 18 | 1 | 1.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 8n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 12 | 1 | 1.2 | 100 | 0.30 |
| Layer 9n | 17.30 | 20.50 | 14.5 | 5 | 1.5 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 10n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 10 | 1 | 1.0 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 12n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 27 | 1 | 2.7 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 13n | 17.67 | 21.00 | 28 | 2 | 2.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 15n | 17.97 | 21.30 | 24 | 3 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 16n | 16.87 | 20.50 | 36 | 1 | 11.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 17n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 31 | 1 | 6.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 18n | 15.86 | 19.80 | 30 | 1 | 5.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 19n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 24 | 1 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |