Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
![Geometry of the FE model in the VaN cross-section for individual stages of the dam raise, corresponding to the crest elevation [m a.s.l.]: a) 140.0, b) 150.0, c) 160.0, d) 173.5, e) 180.0, f) 189.0, g) 195.0.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T022230Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=9ca74d2761c0a482dde09de766e6af013df69fbff28ef7724d75a2c021b36ffe&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
Figure 9
![Horizontal displacement (ux [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T022230Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=cdba88960f8e49cd839ea8920c1d219e83c0462ae27768fc6137627f73677291&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10
![Vertical displacement (uy [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6473793b4e662f30ba53f835/j_sgem-2021-0011_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T022230Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=1073eb6c2cd79e4a5e2f28d7e7754221a263574516bb39120ccaf1708dc08c7b&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11
Figure 12
Technical parameters of TSF Żelazny Most (last update in September 2020)_
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| The volume according to the damming curve | 660.0 | mln m3 |
| Water volume | 8 | mln m3 |
| Tailings volume | 652 | mln m3 |
| Pond water elevation | 184.50 | m a.s.l. |
| The crest elevation | 187.50/190.00 | m a.s.l. |
| The area of the TSF Żelazny Most (Main Object) with infrastructure | ~1580 | ha |
| The area on the inner side of the crest | 1180 | ha |
| The reservoir area | 560 | ha |
| Beach area | 620 | ha |
| The dam length in axis | 14,330 | m |
| The height of the dams | 40.0–73.0 | m |
Factors of safety for analyzed variants_
| FOS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dam elevation | Case | VIIIN | VaN |
| 180 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.59 | 1.67 |
| Loading berm | 1.59 | 1.66 | |
| Relief wells | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.63 | 1.83 | |
| 195 m a.s.l. | Reference case (without any preventive measures) | 1.35 | 1.29 |
| Loading berm | 1.66 | 1.58 | |
| Relief wells | 1.38 | 1.39 | |
| Both relief wells and loading berm | 1.62 | 1.59 | |
Summary of the preventive measures effectiveness with regard to safety of the dam_
| Evaluated feature | Case | Cross-section | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VIIIN | VaN | ||
| Horizontal displacements rate | Loading berm | – | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | – | ✓ | |
| Vertical displacements rate | Loading berm | – | – |
| Relief wells | ✓ | – | |
| Both | – | – | |
| Factor of safety (FOS) | Loading berm | ✓ | ✓ |
| Relief wells | – | ✓ | |
| Both | ✓ | ✓ | |
Geotechnical parameters of the layers used in the calculations_
| Parameter | γd | γsat | ϕ | c | ψ | E | ν |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unit | [kN/m3] | [kN/m3] | [°] | [kPa] | [°] | [MPa] | [-] |
| Loading berm | 21.00 | 22.00 | 35 | 1 | 10 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (1) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Dam (2) | 19.00 | 20.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Beach (3) | 18.00 | 19.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Sediments (4) | 17.00 | 18.50 | 34 | 1 | 9 | 80 | 0.20 |
| Layer 7n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 18 | 1 | 1.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 8n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 12 | 1 | 1.2 | 100 | 0.30 |
| Layer 9n | 17.30 | 20.50 | 14.5 | 5 | 1.5 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 10n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 10 | 1 | 1.0 | 36 | 0.25 |
| Layer 12n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 27 | 1 | 2.7 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 13n | 17.67 | 21.00 | 28 | 2 | 2.8 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 15n | 17.97 | 21.30 | 24 | 3 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |
| Layer 16n | 16.87 | 20.50 | 36 | 1 | 11.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 17n | 16.06 | 20.00 | 31 | 1 | 6.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 18n | 15.86 | 19.80 | 30 | 1 | 5.0 | 240 | 0.20 |
| Layer 19n | 16.80 | 20.00 | 24 | 1 | 2.4 | 96 | 0.25 |