Figure 1
Point locations of Sene and Jawaj sampling sites.
Figure 2
Colour of the termite mounds: (a) Jawaj (Red); (b) Sene (grey).
Figure 3
TMSs bricks production characterisation process: A = Sample collection; B = Preparation; C = Moulding; D = Firing; E = Fired bricks; and F = Compressive strength.
Table 1
Oxide compositions of TMS.
| TMS | Chemical compositions (%) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | MnO | P2O5 | TiO2 | H2O | LOI | SO3 | |
| JTMSs | 63.00 | 17.59 | 5.34 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 1.14 | 2.10 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 1.75 | 8.19 | 0.34 |
| STMSs | 61.38 | 18.48 | 5.90 | 0.66 | 1.14 | 1.84 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 8.38 | 0.32 |
Figure 4
Particle size distribution curve.
Table 2
Physical properties of TMSs samples and clay soils.
Table 3
AASHTO classification for fine-grained soils (Brajam, 2002).
| Soil type (1) | Passing No. 200 sieve (2) | Liquid limit (3) | Plastic index (4) | Material type (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A4 | 36 min | 36 min | 10 min | Silty soil |
| A5 | 36 min | 41 min | 10 min | Silty soil |
| A6 | 36 min | 40 min | 11 min | Clayey soil |
| A7 | 36 min | 41 min | 11 min & PI ≤ LL-30 | Clayey soil |
| 36 min | 41 min | 11 min & PI > LL-30 | Clayey soil |
Figure 5
LL of JTMSs, STMSs and clay soils.
Figure 6
Standard compaction curve for TMSs and clay soil (fourth-order polynomial was used to give better results than the tangent line approximation).
Table 4
Specific gravities ranges for various soil types (Das & Sawicki, 2001).
| Soil type | Specific gravity |
|---|---|
| Sand | 2.63–2.67 |
| Silt | 2.65–2.7 |
| Clay and silty clay | 2.67–2.9 |
| Organic soil | < 2 |
Figure 7
Compressive strength of TMSs bricks and clay soils bricks at different firing temperatures.
Table 5
Mean compressive strength of five bricks and their classifications.
| Bricks | Description | Firing temperature (°C) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1,000 | |||
| JTMSs bricks | Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks (MPa) | 11 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 11 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | C | B | B | B | C | C | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | NW | NW | MW | MW | NW | NW | ||
| STMSs bricks | Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks | 8 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | D | C | C | C | C | C | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | - | NW | NW | NW | NW | NW | ||
| JTMSs and STMSs bricks | Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks | 9.4 | 12.8 | 16.4 | 14.1 | 12.6 | 11.3 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | D | B | B | B | B | C | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | D | C | C | C | C | C | ||
| Clay soil bricks | Mean compressive strength of 5 bricks | 8.10 | 8.58 | 10.8 | 13.02 | 15.25 | 17.36 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | D | D | C | C | B | B | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | - | - | NW | NW | MW | MW | ||
Table 6
Average water absorption and saturation coefficient of TMSs and clay soils bricks and their classification.
| Type | Description | Firing temperature (°C) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1,000 | |||
| Jawaj | Mean W of 5 bricks (%) | 12.26 | 14.72 | 15.72 | 15.98 | 11.17 | 9.88 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | A | A | A | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | ||
| Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks % | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.37 | ||
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | A | A | A | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | ||
| Sene | Mean W of 5 bricks (%) | 17.48 | 19.12 | 21.07 | 18.60 | 17.43 | 21.38 | |
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | A | A | A | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | ||
| Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks (%) | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.57 | ||
| Classification | ES 86:2001 | B | B | B | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | MW | MW | MW | SW | SW | SW | ||
| Clay soil | Mean W* of 5 bricks % | 12.98 | 12.04 | 11.86 | 10.67 | 9.48 | 8.88 | |
| Classification | (ES 86:2001) | A | A | A | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | SW | ||
| Mean saturation coefficients of 5 bricks (%) | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.65 | ||
| Classification | (ES 86:2001) | B | B | B | A | A | A | |
| ASTM C 62-97a | MW | MW | MW | SW | SW | SW | ||
Figure 8
Average dimension tolerance test results along the length 240 mm.
Figure 9
Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 120 mm.
Figure 10
Average dimension tolerance test results along the width 60 mm.