Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Concrete mix designs_
| IA | IIA | IB | IIB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water added to mix [kg/m3] | 151 | 110 | 178 | 178 |
| Water contained in expanded clay aggregate [kg/m3] | 27 | 68 | 27 | 68 |
| Total water [kg/m3] | 178 | 178 | 205 | 246 |
| Actual w/c [-] | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.60 | 0.72 |
| Expanded clay aggregate 4–8 [kg/m3] | 301 | 342 | 301 | 342 |
| Other ingredients | acc. to tab. 1 |
Compressive strength values_
| Compressive strength for individual series [MPa] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | IA | IIA | IB | IIB | |||
| Reference specimens | Specimen no. | 1 | 22.2 | 19.2 | 21.8 | 14.4 | 13.8 |
| 2 | 21.1 | 19.7 | 22.0 | 14.9 | 14.7 | ||
| 3 | 22.4 | 18.6 | 22.7 | 14.7 | 14.0 | ||
| 4 | 20.9 | 19.9 | 22.7 | 14.2 | 15.1 | ||
| 5 | 21.4 | 19.6 | 22.8 | 15.3 | 13.8 | ||
| 6 | 23.5 | 19.4 | 22.0 | 13.3 | 12.9 | ||
| Mean | 21.9 | 19.4 | 22.3 | 14.5 | 14.0 | ||
| Std Dev | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.78 | ||
| Specimens after freeze-thaw cycling | Specimen no. | 1 | 20.9 | 19.1 | 22.4 | 12.9 | 11.1 |
| 2 | 20.0 | 17.3 | 22.7 | 12.9 | 12.4 | ||
| 3 | 22.2 | 19.1 | 23.1 | 11.8 | 11.1 | ||
| 4 | 23.6 | 18.2 | 19.8 | 11.1 | 10.0 | ||
| 5 | 22.4 | 19.6 | 17.8 | 12.7 | 12.4 | ||
| 6 | 22.1 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 14.0 | 13.8 | ||
| Mean | 21.9 | 18.9 | 20.9 | 12.6 | 11.8 | ||
| Std Dev | 1.25 | 1.02 | 2.15 | 1.00 | 1.34 | ||
Initial concrete mix design_
| Material | Quantity |
|---|---|
| Portland cement 42.5R | 344 kg/m3 |
| Water | 178 kg/m3 |
| Sand 0–2 mm | 821 kg/m3 |
| Aggregate 2–8 mm (river pebble) | 342 kg/m3 |
| Expanded clay aggregate 4–8 mm | 274 kg/m3 |
| Fly ash | 48 kg/m3 (13.9% cement mass) |
| Superplasticizer FM 6 | max. 7.91 kg/m3 (max 2.3% cement mass) |
| W/C | 0.52 |
Masses of specimens_
| Masses for particular series [g] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | IA | IIA | IB | IIB | |||||||
| Before f/t cycles | After f/t cycles | Before f/t cycles | After f/t cycles | Before f/t cycles | After f/t cycles | Before f/t cycles | After f/t cycles | Before f/t cycles | After f/t cycles | ||
| Specimen no. | 1 | 5622.0 | 5616.6 | 5411.6 | 5405.4 | 5746.2 | 5731.8 | 5574.0 | 5554.4 | 5611.8 | 5596.0 |
| 2 | 5665.0 | 5660.0 | 5366.0 | 5358.6 | 5807.5 | 5797.6 | 5548.2 | 5531.0 | 5621.0 | 5448.0 | |
| 3 | 5688.8 | 5686.8 | 5409.6 | 5399.2 | 5804.2 | 5784.8 | 5620.2 | 5602.0 | 5715.8 | 5495.1 | |
| 4 | 5673.6 | 5662.8 | 5340.4 | 5332.6 | 5620.0 | 5606.0 | 5532.2 | 5514.2 | 5633.0 | 5501.4 | |
| 5 | 5709.2 | 5707.2 | 5420.4 | 5415.9 | 5508.2 | 5498.8 | 5634.6 | 5617.0 | 5673.0 | 5505.8 | |
| 6 | 5733.6 | 5726.6 | 5389.4 | 5383.8 | 5667.4 | 5657.6 | 5591.4 | 5575.0 | 5848.1 | 5499.0 | |
| Mean | 5682.0 | 5676.7 | 5389.6 | 5382.6 | 5692.3 | 5679.4 | 5583.4 | 5565.6 | 5683.8 | 5507.6 | |
| Std Dev | 38.5 | 39.0 | 31.0 | 31.6 | 117.0 | 115.2 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 89.3 | 48.2 | |
| Decrease | 5.4 | 7.0 | 12.8 | 17.8 | 176.2 | ||||||
Relative mass losses ΔmF and strength decrements ΔfF_
| 0 | IA | IIA | IB | IIB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ΔmF [%] | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 3.08 |
| ΔfF [%] | 0.33 | 2.50 | 6.41 | 13.30 | 15.83 |
Aggregate moisture content check results_
| Series | 0 | IA | IIA | IB | IIB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal moisture content [%] | 0 | 10 | 25 | 10 | 25 |
| Actual moisture content [%] | 0.3 | 11.1 | 24.2 | 8.9 | 24.7 |