Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3
![Results of displacement-controlled load tests on floating CSV (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns) micropiles after Vermeer and Leoni [5].
s˙\dot s
is the penetration rate and a is its reference value.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=28be807b56f98e10251ee895b4cb1c7b9444aa50ab64f083a71b9d7cd5c1d2be&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Results of the shallow foundation load test on dense sand after Briaud and Gibbens [8].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=fca213260cfeca6cca854b0559729826ca0fde61d0241160c24f8e95f4de1e5c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5

Figure 6
![Creep during primary consolidation according to hypotheses A and B after Degago [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=830f341c58aa1c044964a3f06d2ae0c165d325864ebf5a7424b6f52570dad203&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![System of isochrones describing the compressibility characteristics of soft soils after Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=b201f54597cb2b07fa29537cedf510dff11436e907a7c0b32d2f5d10637a7f1a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Instant and delayed deformations according to Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=f14f0a69f5947721b6ae479c4137ccf3d97adec59c43eb9931450bb714d9b467&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 9
![Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship after Mesri and Godlewski [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=dfbfec524d61e0606011d76aaaf0d245ecdada694bc026f2632dcab34aa76e8f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10

Figure 11
![MCC model – the real yield surface known from high accuracy experiments, for example, [38, 43], is indicated with grey colour. MCS is the slope of the CSL [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=01c74759b1d36642e3135c600aca16a27d8a6b4f662b1770aaef5c238775c7e7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16
![The Leoni model [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=6f986c87d7f04bfbfda209aee2d495c680e25d677f7d066f6d18216c647866ad&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17
![The Sivasithamparam et al.'s model [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=e80fde844b22e52ebe06cecae13e4299905306baa0cb1e31b2b58e679e86bd2f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18
![The Niemunis and Grandas-Tavera model [40]. MCSc and MCSe are the slopes of the CSL for triaxial compression and extension, respectively. MΩ denotes the slope of the CSL by the current Ω.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=ab6789f8da465573c904b600af555baab669732af26ca609802bf08fee0e1bd1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)


![Results of displacement-controlled load tests on floating CSV (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns) micropiles after Vermeer and Leoni [5].
s˙\dot s
is the penetration rate and a is its reference value.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=28be807b56f98e10251ee895b4cb1c7b9444aa50ab64f083a71b9d7cd5c1d2be&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Results of the shallow foundation load test on dense sand after Briaud and Gibbens [8].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=fca213260cfeca6cca854b0559729826ca0fde61d0241160c24f8e95f4de1e5c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)

![Creep during primary consolidation according to hypotheses A and B after Degago [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=830f341c58aa1c044964a3f06d2ae0c165d325864ebf5a7424b6f52570dad203&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![System of isochrones describing the compressibility characteristics of soft soils after Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=b201f54597cb2b07fa29537cedf510dff11436e907a7c0b32d2f5d10637a7f1a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Instant and delayed deformations according to Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=f14f0a69f5947721b6ae479c4137ccf3d97adec59c43eb9931450bb714d9b467&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship after Mesri and Godlewski [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=dfbfec524d61e0606011d76aaaf0d245ecdada694bc026f2632dcab34aa76e8f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)

![MCC model – the real yield surface known from high accuracy experiments, for example, [38, 43], is indicated with grey colour. MCS is the slope of the CSL [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=01c74759b1d36642e3135c600aca16a27d8a6b4f662b1770aaef5c238775c7e7&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)




![The Leoni model [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=6f986c87d7f04bfbfda209aee2d495c680e25d677f7d066f6d18216c647866ad&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![The Sivasithamparam et al.'s model [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=e80fde844b22e52ebe06cecae13e4299905306baa0cb1e31b2b58e679e86bd2f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![The Niemunis and Grandas-Tavera model [40]. MCSc and MCSe are the slopes of the CSL for triaxial compression and extension, respectively. MΩ denotes the slope of the CSL by the current Ω.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIEI4XKH2%2F20260316%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260316T052425Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEAAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICxb5pbS5doLZnyseWkJL7iStd9Qn3mYfQzBLYmlH1L3AiA5DjGZdOApXq7DeQhZTRnX4EC3ZTTwxx9uzuvMcD0nnirFBQjJ%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8BEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMyuBtKSe08Qe7LwgiKpkFXDlIdYSSZICWxharGKMOyPZMbW4%2BPpj8Vj6i4THVVFYtwrfGQCM%2FbHTy1l%2Bez7Qut8WOpb2kidyZ%2BeiBZPTnj0hTLpva0RSBxLeUnUkFhYFEVhjDoPkFaUBzSUo1udKCc9YAWu5QlMR8MR4crBTT3fHibrSKweqGRT0YPHUZ7Fvl9NW%2BJdL1BU3pBOfhpO0pgZMDW8zqIh3c2bexI%2FKe4E%2FK85HHQ%2FmYFhMJX0TQMGkv2Ma6i9yn0UybTnQIgzKwfd7t08rYGKM7ULGaBjs3beFCwcN70orgnaWn227Ynaug2q6I4fmvT7Qo%2FFmqXINNx4CpH1sAna4TJmBVMU42VdMMr9Y3SdPdLugB%2FOthGNV3z1UWx5tVCa%2FRDOeTiqLQc6whckPhdoxXMyCt7AX511%2BScx31gans8p99jSZBqHNt9rauUTI8QlXVSZsnkT7PnuuCA26z2KBjfc2IzbJPwUg%2FjEi%2BuYGy7%2Faxfo9jJPPrABPGELIj641pOU1gC%2FB6yqbqXl6dFoSgSLMg5zkTihLWw3QPSGxrLCuyAV29jKAIQbQDQkh4ou4LgjyGxGMU4hd6y2MWBO%2Bg%2FlDV5d27QTMIpfS8IvaMKEqPTXxzTpwisa0IZ796AwJLN4ydE%2FrrRRuLOQcScojcTdxAfWE6bHM%2FU1SyCMzZ9g9Sn7QaH0tf2MKFiJz0Z9%2BxK4F1PI9CdvGq0KDqZqiRXK6RnwzrvSDS3Jih75NGcu0sV08QEXvr9dCP8cYOysROQdkxQadKV8peGBc%2Flw5zky99Lyksj64%2BUPHrLqfWWguUePgejeSsVGg13dM6Hm4t06FMrYNLA%2FMzssnREDMHtCC1zaCktc%2BHzroDAP2WGrOJaYe98lp8nn6tR3D30dUwsILdzQY6sgH8RK4DHoOlPVv4GtOnWCntka3BEtiflmbzzChBIkcEfDs5KDkVlBCWTFJQo%2FQ7bf1taDg5ly4F%2B7Cti%2BOKPw3Jm%2BF1wwJGlNSro1ZeZHzZXuL3eEpli8THZp5q7yg0I48eeeB4mCjm3TNGxnoa4t1RxBaLmq4O69eFF8lqEjWv3XpHfsZDLHtOMTAPpay9ImrSgvPXnQYlBEdoqLVJtm%2Blpg4bf3pBgxFieN1B47p0s8oU&X-Amz-Signature=ab6789f8da465573c904b600af555baab669732af26ca609802bf08fee0e1bd1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2020 Katarzyna Staszewska, Marcin Cudny, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.