Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3
![Results of displacement-controlled load tests on floating CSV (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns) micropiles after Vermeer and Leoni [5].
s˙\dot s
is the penetration rate and a is its reference value.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=c15e79e3e243d0ea5ee8ec67dab661f1eb8ea3d38e394f2b69ba6ecc239bf574&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 4
![Results of the shallow foundation load test on dense sand after Briaud and Gibbens [8].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=5ae9181415b1ad40a68043d65ab9ec8dcfd5b3384e45ccda0c659e8cb7922620&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5

Figure 6
![Creep during primary consolidation according to hypotheses A and B after Degago [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=f05628b12241d1b077f6e7448c4db95fbf9c7030ad56ae061e30600399f8e11f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 7
![System of isochrones describing the compressibility characteristics of soft soils after Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=3b1d727e7c33884f9ea44648860adca32beab521d5cf2c2a63c023b9dfbe33e9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 8
![Instant and delayed deformations according to Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=a63bdd561164462e1ba0f737259c385ce5e0dee9580ef4d64540f62d8230354d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 9
![Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship after Mesri and Godlewski [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=3720915467b5e96e9fbf854c471cb534ddc7237124ec2e00f4b39f3713b1faf0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 10

Figure 11
![MCC model – the real yield surface known from high accuracy experiments, for example, [38, 43], is indicated with grey colour. MCS is the slope of the CSL [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=6557cd4b5546a0338050b11f6ac82acfb33319c1cf8d55a34a389fd3c75781b8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16
![The Leoni model [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=56e2eb639adcbeb85bcca891b3c89f9903e6399c08546a941bae5327eb0ea15f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 17
![The Sivasithamparam et al.'s model [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=302c27369d331651146b5e847dd8ec62f2e4415b078de7697622d2dc864d87b3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 18
![The Niemunis and Grandas-Tavera model [40]. MCSc and MCSe are the slopes of the CSL for triaxial compression and extension, respectively. MΩ denotes the slope of the CSL by the current Ω.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=1492d1b6669a4f38832db3b80b803eabf61c9cc4c51195acc6c53d9c397c86a5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)


![Results of displacement-controlled load tests on floating CSV (Combined Soil Stabilization with Vertical Columns) micropiles after Vermeer and Leoni [5].
s˙\dot s
is the penetration rate and a is its reference value.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=c15e79e3e243d0ea5ee8ec67dab661f1eb8ea3d38e394f2b69ba6ecc239bf574&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Results of the shallow foundation load test on dense sand after Briaud and Gibbens [8].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=5ae9181415b1ad40a68043d65ab9ec8dcfd5b3384e45ccda0c659e8cb7922620&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)

![Creep during primary consolidation according to hypotheses A and B after Degago [10].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_006.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=f05628b12241d1b077f6e7448c4db95fbf9c7030ad56ae061e30600399f8e11f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![System of isochrones describing the compressibility characteristics of soft soils after Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_007.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=3b1d727e7c33884f9ea44648860adca32beab521d5cf2c2a63c023b9dfbe33e9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Instant and delayed deformations according to Bjerrum [13].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=a63bdd561164462e1ba0f737259c385ce5e0dee9580ef4d64540f62d8230354d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![Time- and stress-compressibility interrelationship after Mesri and Godlewski [15].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_009.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=3720915467b5e96e9fbf854c471cb534ddc7237124ec2e00f4b39f3713b1faf0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)

![MCC model – the real yield surface known from high accuracy experiments, for example, [38, 43], is indicated with grey colour. MCS is the slope of the CSL [24].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_011.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=6557cd4b5546a0338050b11f6ac82acfb33319c1cf8d55a34a389fd3c75781b8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)




![The Leoni model [39].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_016.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=56e2eb639adcbeb85bcca891b3c89f9903e6399c08546a941bae5327eb0ea15f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![The Sivasithamparam et al.'s model [41].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_017.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=302c27369d331651146b5e847dd8ec62f2e4415b078de7697622d2dc864d87b3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
![The Niemunis and Grandas-Tavera model [40]. MCSc and MCSe are the slopes of the CSL for triaxial compression and extension, respectively. MΩ denotes the slope of the CSL by the current Ω.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647378aa4e662f30ba53f7ef/j_sgem-2019-0034_fig_018.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKL6TCUBAU%2F20251219%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251219T233849Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO3%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCTop3zHSeWVbD0jhHx59EaMOm%2FYqNZA6VnJqmkXsSmGQIgE1jOYokZEvY6xSHCSkak0yv%2FSsqMyeLVC%2FlBS3XzCBkqxQUItv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDObRPD%2BwOrAJalcysCqZBZ8%2Bx7A5Nh0DIvwRlZXINjT66AdPUnza88fDfGb%2FJqk3PU8ixdOya7R1Dml3jEPrz1FrDPTn3Abq3u6TzXyFpfoSfJGmrI%2BG2%2F1x8y0g69C8OH4DmQqey%2F8%2F17o5Ecsl27QN7mEJQ8E%2BqZU30UUA2poNSAnH0sUrlYqTwU7OlFC5f0P1spOg4W72rHtCbMHWlUB4DzgEy8imHCT47nAyY5EGMFdJ59AKe4M4e2SnKFsMOKjV9tqzlwXLIxVTrMpbNPuVTLiCfJE3RQOwGVRjXHugNHCY7Cgh3HgmwEstgz8OyT%2FTkEBmABcrLI42jr4CS%2B6TwkB90HJWWA1T26DzmcqsHIMkQk1s3ydUwa2dDO8iraPqvff%2Bl%2BMj426f29KffU4RBm8bi2RzfXAeY2r%2B8xi083zNeG9eyLjr6lSHnicklMPgfyrIiVdhAEFxEypiAs1fY8%2FqqdADgfog%2BqZOGjLYrGKaVnLI%2F07aUzRxeXE%2FxjeH%2FU3929xbIg7%2FBloCGcy35mf0oxLIOV4YygK%2BKste4ALC49NisiZug7R53ePJFT%2Bp3IEiKnWXKag1z0XTPku7p5kTl5HEHbfS0ErVw6%2B3amWGHZqDGQY%2FkahslGsO1dVgD8Cpfp3mj3HOvxod0AJTN%2B35rPaH0Aw3Mn3R28eM6esX7lxTxzlyzDfmSFiMj7OWcSI9LuMwkcm32Upc7pKJwRJdbPQQKYjnNB7J9ZCl1S03Ab7ymN%2F4Uc9s5lBQmQWViZpKJXoY%2BdWPOaeXamu2ZH1e8HozaowjRE00gkt8ChSy%2FuD7jbVlBJl%2BsaP%2B%2FtMa5zh%2FsvEHRKJqKmi3J5gazIWqnV4fnQ40sBm3YqmiVXGG%2BcxWc5367NrsGerNSaGDxbx8nthBMN77lsoGOrEBVLMbHt7CQZH2QOOcZVGec3SsyYuVyxmazI7WrjC5hvCHrmOpE3PzSBltYUMDE6xgRkaT6yB3FcJyVPZfpvIJf5%2FSFnnaDIYrftWI6sZ9Veim3Unn9jIeUY9LRVHivwj2HcGLRL5cQqLY4QyeByH9eklb3KfoIhJB9yFG%2BZoCIqs0iUC2p2%2BZwiR7feZgeq%2Bi2D3lK93UFEpoF3YdktvLOU7miV7jWDZkKfx%2BQy0PpPlN&X-Amz-Signature=1492d1b6669a4f38832db3b80b803eabf61c9cc4c51195acc6c53d9c397c86a5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
© 2020 Katarzyna Staszewska, Marcin Cudny, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.