From Norm Adoption to Policy Impact: Explaining the Multi-Layered Implementation Gap in Gender Equality in Stem in North Macedonia
References
- Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
- Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499
- Anagnostou, D. (2022a). Gender equality policy in Southeast Europe: Institutional constraints and discursive framing. Social Sciences, 11(3), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030112
- Anagnostou, D. (2022b). EU policy and gender mainstreaming in research and higher education: How well does it travel from North to South? In Gender equality in research and innovation (pp. 73–90). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-119-820221005
- Aybars, A., Copeland, P., & Tsarouhas, D. (2018). Europeanization without substance? EU–Turkey relations and gender equality in employment. Comparative European Politics, 17(5), 778–798. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-018-0125-2
- Bagdogan, S. (2021). The connection of Turkish housewives to the world by handmade yarn products. Copenhagen Business School.
- Benschop, Y., & Verloo, M. (2006). Sisyphus’ sisters: Can gender mainstreaming escape the genderedness of organizations? Journal of Gender Studies, 15(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230500486884
- Black, E. J. (2009). EU equality commitments and shifting meanings of gender equality. Review of European and Russian Affairs, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v5i1.201
- Bolognesi, T., Nahrath, S., & Metz, F. (2017). Why resource regimes fail in the long run: The role of institutional complexity traps and transversal transaction costs. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2991551
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Callerstig, A.-C., & Strid, S. (2023). Gender mainstreaming in times of crisis: Missed opportunities in pandemic policymaking. Papers: Revista de Sociologia, 108(3). https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.3174
- Charles, M., & Bradley, K. (2009). Indulging our gendered selves? Sex segregation by field of study in 44 countries. American Journal of Sociology, 114(4), 924–976. https://doi.org/10.1086/595942
- Charles, M., & Thébaud, S. (2018). Gender and STEM: Understanding segregation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-148-1
- Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2009). Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1045–1060. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016239
- Cheryan, S., Plaut, V. C., Davies, P. G., & Steele, C. M. (2017). Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in STEM. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.01.001
- Chriqui, J. F., Asada, Y., Smith, N., Kroll-Desrosiers, A., & Lemon, S. C. (2023). Advancing the science of policy implementation: A call to action. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 13(11), 820–825. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibad034
- Cortell, A. P., & Davis, J. W. (2005). When norms clash: International norms and domestic practices. Review of International Studies, 31(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210505006273
- Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
- Cuberes, D., Munoz-Boudet, A. M., & Teignier, M. (2019). How costly are labor gender gaps? Eastern European Economics, 57(1), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2018.1486715
- Doerr, K. (2023). Gendered systems of privilege in university science teaching. Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education, 16(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/26379112.2023.2213893
- Durazzi, N. (2021). Engineering the expansion of higher education. Regulation & Governance, 17(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12439
- Economides, S., & Ker-Lindsay, J. (2015). Pre-accession Europeanization. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(5), 1027–1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12238
- European Commission. (2020). A union of equality: Gender equality strategy 2020–2025. European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu
- European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. (2021). She figures 2021: Gender in research and innovation—Statistics and indicators. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2777/06090
- Ferati, M., Demukaj, V., Kurti, E., Mörtberg, C., Shahrabi, K., & Mustafa, M. K. (2023). Gender stereotypes and women participation in STEM fields in the Western Balkans. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 12(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0044
- Ferree, M. M. (2012). Varieties of feminism. Stanford University Press.
- Forest, M., & Lombardo, E. (2012). The Europeanization of gender equality policies. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355378
- Fox, M. F. (2001). Women, science, and academia. Gender & Society, 15(5), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015005002
- Gaweł, A., Mroczek-Dąbrowska, K., & Bartosik-Purgat, M. (2023). Female empowerment and masculinity. Gender in Management, 39(4), 534–550. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2022-0194
- George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. MIT Press.
- Gordy, E., & Efendić, A. (2019). Meaningful reform in the Western Balkans. Peter Lang.
- Gјorgјioska, E., Janeska, M., Spaseska, T., & Jankuloska, A. R. (2025). Gender equality and corporate governance in North Macedonia.
- Hill, M., & Hupe, P. (2002). Implementing public policy. Sage.
- Hilal Erturhan Işkın. (2024). Kuzey Makedonya işgücü sermayesi üzerine bir değerlendirme [An evaluation on labour capital in North Macedonia]. Sivas Interdisciplinary Tourism Research Journal, 7(2), 219–228. http://sita.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/
- Irod, G.-R., Pîrvulescu, C., & Miculescu, M. (2025). Women in STEM in the Eastern Partnership. Societies, 15(7), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070204
- Işkın, H. E. (2024). Labour capital in North Macedonia.
- Knill, C., Tosun, J., & Bauer, M. W. (2009). Differential impact of Europeanization. Public Administration, 87(3), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01768.x
- Kuss, M. K., & Hällström, S. (2024). Gender-responsive social protection. IDS Bulletin, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2024.127
- Linková, M., & Mergaert, L. (2021). Negotiating change for gender equality. Investigaciones Feministas, 12(2), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.72319
- Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). Feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
- Makarova, E., Aeschlimann, B., & Herzog, W. (2016). Why is the pipeline leaking? Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-016-0027-y
- Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science faculty’s gender biases. PNAS, 109(41), 16474–16479. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211286109
- Noutcheva, G. (2012). European foreign policy and Balkan accession. Routledge.
- Ong, M., Wright, C., Espinosa, L. L., & Orfield, G. (2011). Women of color in STEM. Harvard Educational Review, 81(2), 172–209.
- Percival, V., et al. (2023). Gender equality and health equity. The Lancet, 402(10413), 1661–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01348-X
- Petreski, M., & Pehkonen, J. (2023). Minimum wage and manufacturing labor share: Evidence from North Macedonia. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.05117
- Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2011). Public management reform (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Radaelli, C. M. (2003). The Europeanization of public policy.
- Reka, F. H., & Memeti, M. (2024). Gender equality in STEM in North Macedonia. SEEU Review, 19(1), 116–135. https://doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2024-0024
- Schimmelfennig, F., & Sedelmeier, U. (2005). The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press.
- Šebová, M., Rybanská, I. L., & Čorejová, T. (2025). Gender equality plans in universities. Social Inclusion, 13. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.10158
- Spehar, A. (2011). EU integration and institutional change. East European Politics and Societies, 26(2), 362–383.
- Stone, D. (1997). Policy paradox. W.W. Norton.
- Taravari, N., Rexhepi, H., & Asani, Z. (2025). Gender gap in academic research. Journal of Advanced Research in Women’s Studies, 3(2), 94–110.
- Tereshchenko, E., Happonen, A., & Hasheela-Mufeti, V. (2023). Barriers for females in STEM. International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey, 14, 1–18.
- Trajkovska, A., & Veljanovska, K. (2025). Women in STEM. UKLO Proceedings, 1(1), 23–30.
- Upadhyaya, P. (2017). National appropriateness of international policy frameworks. Linköping University.
- Vedung, E. (2017). Public policy and program evaluation. Routledge.
- Verloo, M. (2005). Displacement and empowerment in gender mainstreaming. Social Politics, 12(3), 344–365.
- Verloo, M. (2007). Multiple meanings of gender equality. Central European University Press.
- Walby, S. (2009). Globalization and inequalities. Sage.
- World Bank. (2024). Country gender assessment: North Macedonia. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org
- Zhelyazkova, A., Kaya, C., & Schrama, R. (2017). Compliance with EU law. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(2), 216–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1264084
- Димитрова, А. (2010). EU rules and domestic implementation. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760903464929
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2026-0014 | Journal eISSN: 1857-8462
Language: English
Page range: 162 - 184
Published on: Jun 30, 2026
Published by: South East European University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Fatime Hasani Reka, published by South East European University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.