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        <title>SEEU Review Feed</title>
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            <title><![CDATA[Editorial Preface]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0001</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Teaching Students with High Abilities from a Motivational Perspective]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0007</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Identifying students with high abilities and talents remains an ongoing challenge in education systems, including in Kosovo. Although international literature emphasizes the importance of early identification and the development of potential through cooperation between social and institutional actors, in practice traditional approaches based mainly on academic performance and standardized testing continue to dominate.This study aims to analyze the challenges involved in identifying talented students, with particular emphasis on the role of teachers and school–family partnerships in primary education in Kosovo. The findings show that teachers are often not sufficiently prepared for the professional identification of students’ talents, and their assessments may be influenced by subjective perceptions. In addition, cooperation between schools and families is limited, and parents are often reluctant to express their views regarding their children’s abilities and interests.The study highlights the need to develop contemporary strategies, provide professional training, and strengthen school–family partnerships in order to enable a more comprehensive and equitable identification of students with extraordinary potential.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Institutional Support for Sustainable Practices in Organizations in North Macedonia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a structured academic analysis of sustainable development, sustainable entrepreneurship, and the role of institutional support in fostering sustainable practices within organizations in North Macedonia. The study integrates conceptual insights with empirical evidence derived from a survey of 107 organizations across multiple sectors. It argues that sustainability should not be perceived as a peripheral or symbolic activity, but rather as a strategic framework that integrates economic performance, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship into core organizational decision-making.The empirical findings demonstrate that institutional support plays a critical role in enabling the adoption and development of sustainable practices. Financial support mechanisms—such as grants, subsidies, and access to capital—are positively associated with improvements in environmental management systems, energy efficiency, and the measurement of social and environmental impact. However, the analysis reveals that non-financial support, including training, consultancy, and knowledge transfer, exhibits even stronger correlations with sustainability implementation. This suggests that organizational capability-building and access to expertise are essential for translating sustainability commitments into operational practices.The study concludes that the advancement of sustainable organizational development in North Macedonia requires a coordinated and comprehensive institutional approach. This includes enhanced policy alignment, improved accessibility of financial instruments, strengthened advisory and educational support, and the establishment of clear standards and long-term strategic commitment to sustainability. The findings contribute to both academic literature and policy discourse by emphasizing that effective sustainability transitions depend on the interplay between organizational strategy and institutional capacity.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cross-Linguistic Constructions and Patterns of Noun Phrases in English and Albanian Languages]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0003</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a contrastive analysis of noun phrases in English and Albanian. It focuses on their syntactic structures and key distinctions. Employing a qualitative approach, the research uses descriptive and comparative methods to analyse data from grammar and syntax books in both languages. The study examines simple and complex noun phrases, particularly the use of definiteness, premodifiers, and postmodifiers. The findings reveal that while both languages share similarities in using indefinite noun phrases, they diverge in marking definiteness: English uses definite articles, whereas Albanian incorporates definiteness through morphological changes. These differences reflect broader grammatical tendencies and offer insights for improving language learning and translation practices. The findings provide practical implications for educators, translators, and linguists by enhancing understanding of syntactic differences for effective cross-linguistic communication.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Importance of the Inclusion of the Former Kosovo Liberation Army Freedom Fighters in Building Institutions Grounded in Democratic Values in Kosovo After the 1999 War]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Kosovo has been consolidating as a democratic state and society in the Western Balkans. The foundations of its democratic institutions, particularly its security institutions, can be traced to the period following the end of the 1999 Kosovo War. The role of the former Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) combatants in the process of building a new democratic society and its institutions was critical to the country’s subsequent success. When the KLA was demilitarized in September 1999, the international community recognized its contribution and accepted their involvement in building new state institutions. As a result, former KLA combatants formed political parties, participated in temporary governing bodies, took part in elections, and accepted electoral outcomes as a legitimate path to political power. Their participation in political life enabled the establishment of civil and democratic control over security institutions. Former KLA members also played a key role in the newly established Kosovo Protection Corps, which led efforts to integrate minorities into Kosovo’s institutions and society. In addition, former KLA combatants played an important role in the creation of the Kosovo Police, contributing both professional expertise and institutional legitimacy. These developments represented significant achievements for a society emerging from a communist legacy. The former KLA combatant’s participation provided much-needed legitimacy to the institution-building process. This article argues that the role of the former KLA combatants in building Kosovo’s political and security institutions after the 1999 war was essential, as it provided local legitimacy, facilitated democratic oversight of security structures, and enabled the successful construction of inclusive state institutions.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Listening Comprehension Strategies in Acquiring German as a Foreign Language. Analysis of the Text Book “Schritte International NEU A2”]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0002</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study shows that listening comprehension is very important in both first language acquisition and foreign language learning. Nevertheless, listening receives little attention in foreign language teaching, so it is rarely trained. Listening is a skill we possess from birth and is not learned through social interaction. While listening is a physical process, understanding is a mental one that involves attention, perception, and interpretation. In our first language, listening and understanding pose no difficulties. Here, we can grasp a statement without understanding every word. We use our prior knowledge and predictions to do so. Strategies are required to practice listening skills. These are used in the native language without realizing it, and learners must then redirect their attention to the foreign language. This paper describes strategies relevant to listening comprehension. The textbook “Schritte International Neu” covers all language levels, from A1 to B2. There are many different types of texts for listening. Listening strategies are addressed throughout the textbook and practiced through various tasks. The strategies are repeated after a few tasks and are also combined with each other. However, not all strategies known in the specialist literature are used in the textbook.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Influence of Oriental Literature on Albanian Romantic Poetry: from Hypotexts to Stylistic Transformations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0006</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the influences and intertextual connections between Oriental literatures (Indian, Persian, and Turkish) and Albanian Romantic poetry, with particular focus on the works of Jeronim De Rada and Naim Frashëri. Through the analysis of specific examples— recurrent narrative scenes, paratextual references (such as titles and explicit mentions of Oriental poets), and stylistic transformations—it demonstrates that contact with Eastern traditions did not constitute mere borrowing, but rather a creative process of recontextualization. In De Rada’s oeuvre, the hypotext of Dandin’s drama and other Eastern epics function as artistic sources that intertwine with a distinctive lyric-narrative structure, endowing his poems with semantic density and typological originality. In the case of Naim Frashëri, Oriental paratexts (Rumi, Saadi, Nizami) serve as a foundation for the construction of national metaphors and symbolism, transforming the poetic voice toward educational and patriotic purposes. The theoretical framework draws on Riffaterre’s concept of the reader as the agent who uncovers intertextual links, as well as on Eliot’s notion that literary value emerges through dialogue and intersection with other traditions. Ultimately, the study argues that engagement with the Orient revitalizes the typology and aesthetic significance of Albanian Romanticism, opening productive avenues for further comparative research.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Applying Gestalt Therapy in Work with Adolescents]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0008</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Since the founding of Gestalt therapy by Perls (1940), it has been successfully applied to various age groups for more than 80 years. In this paper I will try to present how this approach is applied with high school students, aged 14 to 18 in the high school where I work as well as to explore which Gestalt techniques are most easily accepted by them. Adolescence is recognized as unique developmental period characterized by significant biological, cognitive and psychological changes that are essential parts to healthy development. When examining adolescence, one can observe both the complex and often problematic development processes described in the empirical studies of Hall more than a century ago, as well as the many possibilities that this stage of life offers, which Stenberg referred to as “age of opportunities”.As a psychologist working in a high school I constantly meet both aspects of this developing period of the students, and my task is to support them overcome the difficulties while fostering their developmental potential. My closer work with them meets their fragility, from which the strength often emerges, grounded in the relationship we build together with our presence.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Contagious Friendship in Edgar Allan Poe’s the Fall of the House of Usher]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0005</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[In this study, I aim to trace the narrator’s transformation from someone whose purpose is to alleviate the desperate mood of his friend Roderick Usher, with his positive energy, to becoming a psychological host for Roderick Usher’s emotional instability. I argue that the narrator’s immediate and prolonged exposure to Roderick’s anxiety, combined with the dreadful atmosphere of the mansion and his own empathetic nature, lead to erosion of the boundaries between their opposite emotional states. This dissolution is reflected in the narrator’s inability to maintain rational detachment or to establish a stabilizing anchor capable of preserving either his own psychological coherence or the symbolic integrity of the house. While this study refers to popular literary interpretations of The Fall of the House of Usher, it also approaches the text through a psychological framework. By applying contemporary research on emotional regulation and stress transmission, the paper moves beyond symbolic or aesthetic readings that analyze the interpersonal dynamics that lead to the narrator’s mental deterioration.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[From Norm Adoption to Policy Impact: Explaining the Multi-Layered Implementation Gap in Gender Equality in Stem in North Macedonia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the gap between the formal adoption of gender equality policies and their substantive outcomes in the STEM sector in North Macedonia. Drawing on Europeanization and feminist institutionalism, the study employs a mixed-methods design combining policy analysis, longitudinal statistical data, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders.The findings reveal a systematic decoupling between high levels of formal alignment with European Union and international frameworks and limited progress in practice. While women approach parity in STEM education, their transition into employment remains significantly constrained. Using a novel operationalization of the “leaky pipeline” through transition rates between education and employment, the study demonstrates that gender disparities are most pronounced at the point of labor market entry, indicating structural barriers beyond educational access.The analysis shows that this implementation gap is produced by the interaction of four interrelated dynamics: weak operationalization of policy commitments, fragmented governance structures, limited integration of gender-disaggregated data into policymaking, and persistent socio-cultural norms shaping participation in technical fields. These findings highlight the limits of formal policy adoption in the absence of institutional and cultural transformation. By conceptualizing the implementation gap as multi-layered and introducing transition rates as an empirical indicator, the study contributes to the literature on Europeanization and gender equality by linking policy adoption to measurable outcomes within a sector-specific context. The results suggest that advancing gender equality in STEM requires moving beyond formal compliance toward coordinated, data-driven, and contextsensitive interventions that address both structural and informal barriers.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Transforming Public Opinion in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: A Comparative Analysis in North Macedonia (2015–2026)]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This research addresses one of the most pressing challenges of political and social communication in North Macedonia: the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in shaping and manipulating public opinion. In a period of digital transition, where synthetic media and deepfakes (“Deepfakes”) have become an inseparable part of the information ecosystem, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the base period of 2015 and the technological reality of 2026. Using a rigorous quantitative methodology with a sample of 252 respondents, the study dissects the impact of demographic, ethnic, and professional variables on risk perception and cognitive trust. The results show an exponential increase in automated disinformation, with over 72% of the surveyed population reporting frequent doubts about the veracity of online information. A key finding is the ethnic asymmetry in risk perception, with the Albanian community showing significant concern (M=4.1) about AI being weaponized or exploited to incite interethnic tensions. The paper concludes that the “trust gap” is widening faster than the “technical gap”, suggesting the urgent need for reforms in media and digital education, and for harmonizing local legislation with the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act). The recommendations are designed to enhance the public’s cognitive defenses and ensure greater algorithmic transparency from global platforms operating within the local market.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Technological Innoavtion on Economic Growth Across Countries]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0009</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Technological innovation is a key driver of economic growth; however, its effect varies across countries at different development levels. This study examines the relationship between technological innovation, measured by the Global Innovation Index (GII), and economic growth, measured by Real GDP per Capita, across Developed and Advanced Economies, Developing Economies, and Emerging and Developing Economies. Utilizing panel data from 88 countries, the analysis implements a fixed-effects regression model with robust standard errors to address heteroscedasticity and serial correlation. Findings reveal distinct patterns in innovation’s impact on growth. Developed and Advanced Economies show the strongest positive relationship, where high GII scores align with economic performance. Developing Economies exhibit mixed outcomes due to structural barriers like limited R&amp;D investment and weaker institutions. Emerging and Developing Economies experience a non-linear relationship, where innovation yields greater advantages beyond a threshold. Controlled variables, including population size, literacy rate, and trade openness, also influence economic outcomes. Recommendations include increasing R&amp;D investments, fostering academia-industry collaborations, and prioritizing human capital development. Additionally, Emerging and Developing Economies should adopt innovation-friendly policies, such as tax incentives and infrastructure improvements, while regional cooperation can help bridge technological gaps. This study underscores the heterogeneous impact of innovation and the need for tailored strategies to maximize its benefits for inclusive, sustainable growth.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Emotional Self-Assessment and Classroom Participation in EFL Classrooms: A Correlational Study]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2026-0010</link>
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            <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted growing attention in language learning research. However, most studies rely on EI scores and outcome measures focused primarily on performance, while behavioral dimensions of engagement, particularly classroom participation remain underexplored. This pilot study examines the relationship between self-assessment, conceptualized as a specific intrapersonal EI competency, and classroom participation in a multilingual EFL higher education context. Forty-one undergraduate students enrolled in compulsory English language courses completed a five-item scale adapted from the selfemotion appraisal dimension of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS; Wong &amp; Law, 2002; α = .81). Classroom participation was measured using a composite index that combined instructor observation ratings with student self-reports. Pearson correlation analysis indicated a moderate positive association between self-assessment and participation, r(39) = .39, p = .012, 95% CI [.08, .62], explaining approximately 15% of the variance. Given the small sample size, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Students with higher levels of emotional self-evaluation tended to participate more actively in classroom interaction.Overall, the findings indicate that emotional self-evaluation may contribute to participation in multilingual EFL university settings. Pedagogical implications for fostering reflective emotional awareness and supporting participation are considered.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Editorial Preface]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0053</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Trade Openness on the Economic Growth of Southeast European Countries]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0054</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the impact of trade openness on the economic growth of Southeast European countries for the period 2012–2022. The key factors analyzed include Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Government Spending (GE), Tax Revenues (TR), Unemployment (UN), Trade Deficit (DEF), and Trade Openness (TRO). A quantitative approach is adopted, using secondary annual data obtained from the World Bank and analyzed with Stata software. The results indicate that higher government spending, particularly when combined with elevated unemployment, tends to hinder economic growth, whereas tax revenues, trade deficits, and trade openness positively contribute to economic performance in the region. The originality of this study lies in its integrated econometric analysis of multiple macroeconomic factors affecting Southeast European countries—a region that has been underexplored in the empirical literature. The study also provides practical implications for policymakers, suggesting that effective fiscal and trade policies can foster sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable insights into regional development strategies, highlighting how trade openness and macroeconomic management can enhance economic performance across Southeast Europe.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Probation as a Necessity in the Republic of North Macedonia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0055</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[As a result of the shortcomings that accompany the enforcement of institutional measures and sanctions on perpetrators of criminal offences, a system of community-based sanctions and measures has emerged. These are intended to relieve the criminal and penal system, maximize the principle of individualization, improve the reintegration of offenders into society, reduce recidivism, and protect society. The organizational units that implement such measures and sanctions are known as probation services.This paper analyses international standards, the emergence and development of probation, a comparative analysis, and the establishment of probation under the Law on Probation in the Republic of North Macedonia, as well as perspectives for the full and effective functioning of the probation service. The probation service is a special organizational unit formed within the Administration for the Execution of Sanctions under the Ministry of Justice.The probation service is tasked with implementing community-based penalties, including measures such as suspended sentences under supervision, community work, and home confinement. It also follows the enforcement of conditional release decisions issued by the courts. Through its activities, the service assists offenders in their social reintegration and rehabilitation, contributing to public safety and the reduction of the prison population. In addition, the service prepares assessments of the risk level of defendants during ongoing criminal cases and provides the court with recommendations regarding the appropriate form of sanction.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Interculturalism and Cosmopolitan Nationalism of the Albanian National Upheaval]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0056</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the intellectual and political ideas of the Albanian National Movement within the broader framework of intercultural communication, with particular attention to education, language practices, and human rights. The analysis situates this dialogue in relation to contemporary theories of interculturalism and the challenges posed by today’s super-diverse and rapidly shifting global context of demographic and social transformation. In this light, the nineteenth-century Albanian National Movement—while functioning as the intellectual nucleus of Albanian ethno-national identity formation, in parallel with analogous processes across Europe—displays a distinctive feature: its conception of nationhood resisted the logic of cultural exclusivity. Instead, in envisioning a future Albanian polity, the Movement anticipated institutional mechanisms for the recognition and integration of other cultures and languages within its educational and cultural systems. This inclusive orientation positioned the Movement as a counterpoint to the exclusionary ethnic nationalisms that dominated the Balkan political landscape of the era.Yet the emergent ethnic identities of the nineteenth century did not remain confined to the realm of ideas. They unfolded through the arduous and often violent processes of state formation, which in the Balkans proved exceptionally complex and were frequently accompanied by ethnic conflict and war. The geopolitical reconfiguration of the region at the turn of the twentieth century—marked by the creation of new states and their territorial expansions through aggression and coercion—produced profound ethno-political and cultural fissures.Within this context, the paradigm of interculturalism as developed in current theoretical debates aspires not merely to acknowledge or juxtapose cultures, but to foster mutuality, co-presence, and the creation of shared cultural spaces. From this perspective, the cosmopolitan and forward-looking ideas articulated by the Albanian National Movement—despite their nineteenth-century origins—retain a striking contemporary resonance. Revisiting these concepts from the turbulent yet visionary Balkans of the long nineteenth century offers valuable insight into the global search for intercultural understanding today.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Money Laundering as a Criminal Phenomenon: A Case Study – The Republic of North Macedonia]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0057</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Money laundering refers to the process of concealing the origins of illicitly obtained income derived from unlawful activities, with the aim of integrating such proceeds into the legitimate financial system. This criminal phenomenon affects all countries without exception, including the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM). Given the substantial adverse effects that money laundering imposes on economic stability and integrity, states must devote particular attention to developing effective mechanisms for its prevention and suppression.This paper examines the concept of money laundering and the principal methods through which it is perpetrated, with specific emphasis on the situation in the Republic of North Macedonia. It analyzes the detrimental economic consequences of this phenomenon, as well as the legal framework regulating and sanctioning such conduct.In addition, the paper presents the most recent data published by the State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia concerning this issue. These data are displayed in tabular form, illustrating the dynamics and volume of money-laundering–related indicators over a five-year period.Based on the analysis conducted, the paper concludes with a set of findings and recommendations directly related to the researched topic.The methodological approach of the study incorporates a range of research methods, including analysis, deduction, comparison, statistical techniques, and observation.The significance of this paper is reflected in both its theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, it enriches the existing scholarly literature in the field; practically, it provides professionals employed in institutions responsible for combating economic crime with insights that may enhance their work and inform evidence-based practice.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Emergence of Roman Legal Science]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0058</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The origins of Roman legal science date back to the later Republican era, when the pontifices greatly influenced the interpretation and administration of law. They were instrumental in shaping the law outlined in the Twelve Tables. In the second century BCE, secular jurists started to take over the roles of the pontiffs. The contributions of these jurists energetically fostered the rapid development of Roman private law. Their mastery lay in their ability to create a legal system that could be refashioned in accordance with changing social and political circumstances, through the successful integration of Roman material and Greek scientific methodologies. Their contributions enabled private law to attain greater independence from political authorities. Unlike their predecessors, who adhered to strict formalism and resisted alterations to the law's text, these Roman jurists embraced innovation. Their creativity in establishing a legal system capable of evolving with society's demands highlights a significant contribution of Roman legal science to Western culture. Mucius Scaevola and Servius Sulpicius Rufus are regarded as foundational figures in Roman legal science. They were a prime example of a new class of jurists who were to exert a powerful impact on Roman legal science in the following centuries. Classical jurists treated them with utmost respect, giving them due recognition for their contributions and innovative ideas. Their roles were indispensable in establishing the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the legal science that developed during their time.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[A Behavioral Analysis of Investor Sentiment During Systemic Crisis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/seeur-2025-0059</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines how investor sentiment, shaped by behavioral biases, influenced decision-making during the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Focusing on two key biases—herding behavior and loss aversion - we analyze daily return data for 30 large-cap U.S. companies. To detect herding, we apply the Cross-Sectional Absolute Deviation (CSAD) methodology, which measures how closely individual returns track the market return. Regression results confirm non-linear dispersion patterns indicative of herding, particularly during periods of extreme market movement. To investigate loss aversion, we employ a GARCH (1.1) model to assess volatility clustering. The findings reveal heightened sensitivity to recent return shocks and persistent volatility, consistent with behavior driven by fear of loss. Additionally, overreaction tests using lagged-return regressions suggest investors responded irrationally to new information, leading to short-term reversals. Together, these results provide empirical support for behavioral finance theories and challenge traditional assumptions of rational investor behavior during systemic crises.]]></description>
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