References
- European Commission. Communication from the commission: The European Green Deal. 2019. COM (2019) 640 final.
- International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2024 [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: www.iea.org/terms
- Latvenergo. Generation. [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://latvenergo.lv/lv/par-mums/razosana#hes
- Energy balance. Oficialiosios statistikos portalas [Online]. [Accessed 16.03.2025]. Available: https://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/lietuvos-aplinka-zemes-ukis-ir-energetika-2023/energetika/energijos-balansas
- Energy. Statistics. [Online]. [Accessed 16.03.2025]. Available: https://stat.ee/en/find-statistics/statistics-theme/energy-and-transport/energy
- AST. Power System State . [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://ast.lv/lv/content/situacijaenergosistema
- AST. Pieslēgumu ierīkošanas un atļautās slodzes izmaiņu statuss (Status of connection installation and permitted load changes). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://ast.lv/lv/content/pieslegumu-ierikosanas-un-atlautasslodzes-izmainu-statuss (In Latvian).
- Klimata un enerģētikas ministrija, Enerģētikas stratēģija. Latvija (Ministry of Climate and Energy, Energy Strategy. Latvia). 2050. [Online]. [Accessed 23.04.2025]. Available: https://www.kem.gov.lv/sites/kem/files/media_file/LV_Ener%C4%A3%C4%93tikas_strat%C4%93%C4%A3ija_03.2025.pdf (In Latvian).
- Lankovska A., Brence K., Jaunzems D., Blumberga D. Wind Energy in Latvia – Mismatch between the Potential and Reality. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):379–393. https://doi.org/10.2478/RTUECT-2024-0030
- Ayuso-Virgili G., Christakos K., Lande-Sudall D., Lümmen N., Measure-correlate-predict methods to improve the assessment of wind and wave energy availability at a semi-exposed coastal area. Energy 2024:309:132904. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2024.132904
- Pishgar-Komleh S. H., Keyhani A., Sefeedpari P. Wind speed and power density analysis based on Weibull and Rayleigh distributions (a case study: Firouzkooh county of Iran). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015:42:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2014.10.028
- Von Krauland A. K., Long Q., Enevoldsen P., Jacobson M. Z. United States offshore wind energy atlas: availability, potential, and economic insights based on wind speeds at different altitudes and thresholds and policy-informed exclusions. Energy Conversion and Management: X 2023:20:100410. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECMX.2023.100410
- Von Krauland A. K., Long Q., Enevoldsen P., Jacobson M. Z. Supplemental Information United States offshore wind energy atlas: availability, potential, and economic insights based on wind speeds at different altitudes and thresholds and policy-informed exclusions. 2023.
- Meteoroloģija (Meteorology). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://videscentrs.lvgmc.lv/noverojumuarhivs/meteo/30102/active/4211/2024-01-01/2025-01-02
- Global Wind Atlas [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://globalwindatlas.info/en/
- Technology Data for Generation of Electricity and District Heating, (n.d.) [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-generation-electricity-and-district-heating
- Roughness classes and associated roughness lengths [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://wind101.net/wind-height/index.htm
- Ministru kabineta 2019. gada 17. jūlija rīkojums Nr. 380 “Par Latvijas pielāgošanās klimata pārmaiņām plānu laika posmam līdz 2030. gadam” (Cabinet of Ministers Order No. 380 of 17 July 2019 “On the Latvian Climate Change Adaptation Plan for the period up to 2030”). https://likumi.lv/ta/id/308330 In Latvian.
- VSIA “Latvijas Vides, ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centrs” Klimata pārmaiņu scenāriji Latvijai. Ziņojuma kopsavilkums (VSIA “Latvian Centre for Environment, Geology and Meteorology” Climate change scenarios for Latvia. Summary of the report). 2017. Available: https://www4.meteo.lv/klimatariks_vecais/files/kopsavilkums.pdf (In Latvian)
- Swisher P., Murcia Leon J.P., Gea-Bermúdez J., Koivisto M., Madsen H.A., Münster M., Competitiveness of a low specific power, low cut-out wind speed wind turbine in North and Central Europe towards 2050. Applied Energy 2022:306:118043. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2021.118043
- Hutchinson A.J., Gladwin D.T. Capacity factor enhancement for an export limited wind generation site utilising a novel Flywheel Energy Storage strategy. Journal of Energy Storage 2023:68:107832. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EST.2023.107832
- Bortolotti P., Canet Tarres H., Dykes K., Merz K., Sethuraman L., Verelst D., Zahle F. IEA Wind TCP Task 37 Systems Engineering in Wind Energy-WP2.1 Reference Wind Turbines Technical Report. [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: www.nrel.gov/publications
- Jung C., Schindler D. The properties of the global offshore wind turbine fleet. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2023:186:113667. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2023.113667
- Enercon E-160 EP5 E1 - 4,60 MW - Wind turbine [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/2062-enercon-e-160-ep5-e1
- AST. Electricity market overview. [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://www.ast.lv/lv/electricity-market-review
- Jürgensen L., Ehimen E. A., Born J., Holm-Nielsen J. B. Utilization of surplus electricity from wind power for dynamic biogas upgrading: Northern Germany case study. Biomass and Bioenergy 2014:66:126–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOMBIOE.2014.02.032
- López A. I., Ramírez-Díaz A., Castilla-Rodríguez I., Gurriarán J., Mendez-Perez J. A. Wind farm energy surplus storage solution with second-life vehicle batteries in isolated grids. Energy Policy 2023:173:113373. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2022.113373
- Water Electrolysis – an overview. ScienceDirect Topics [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/water-electrolysis
- Treimane A., Blumberga D. Potential of Wind-Hydrogen (Power-To-X) Energy Systems in Latvia. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2025:29(1):272–284. https://doi.org/10.2478/RTUECT-2025-0019
- Burton N. A., Padilla R. V., Rose A., Habibullah H. Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen production from solar powered water electrolysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021:135:110255. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2020.110255
- Zhang Y. H., Jia Z. C., Yuan Z. M., Yang T., Qi Y., Zhao D. L. Development and Application of Hydrogen Storage. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2015:22:757–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(15)30069-8
- Missie H2 & TKI Waterstofkaart (Hydrogen map). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://waterstofkaart.missieh2.nl/en/
- Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis – IEA [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050
- Liepājā plāno attīstīt Latvijā pirmo ūdeņraža ražotni (Liepāja plans to develop Latvia’s first hydrogen production plant). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/ekonomika/09.04.2024-liepaja-planoattistit-latvija-pirmo-udenraza-razotni.a549767/ In Latvian.
- Lienhard N., Mutschler R., Leenders L., Rüdisüli M. Concurrent deficit and surplus situations in the future renewable Swiss and European electricity system. Energy Strategy Reviews 2023:46:101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESR.2022.101036
- Vo T. T. Q., Xia A., Wall D. M., Murphy J. D. Use of surplus wind electricity in Ireland to produce compressed renewable gaseous transport fuel through biological power to gas systems. Renewable Energy 2017:105:495–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2016.12.084
- Giocoli A., Motola V., Scarlat N., Pierro N., Dipinto S. Techno-economic viability of renewable electricity surplus to green hydrogen and biomethane, for a future sustainable energy system: Hints from Southern Italy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition 2023:3:100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSET.2023.100051
- Taabodi M. H., Niknam T., Sharifhosseini S. M., Asadi Aghajari H., Shojaeiyan S. Electrochemical storage systems for renewable energy integration: A comprehensive review of battery technologies and grid-scale applications. Journal of Power Sources 2025:641:236832. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2025.236832
- Bielewski M., Pfrang A., Bobba S., Kronberga A., Georgakaki A., Letout S., Kuokkanen A., Mountraki A., Ince E., Shtjefni D., Joanny O. G., Eulaerts O., Grabowska M. Clean Energy Technology Observatory: Batteries for Energy Storage in the European Union – 2022. Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2760/808352
- Liela interese par saules elektrostaciju un elektroenerģijas uzkrātuvju ieviešanu. Būvniecības valsts kontroles birojs (Great interest in the implementation of solar power plants and electricity storage systems. State Construction Control Bureau). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: (n.d.). https://www.bvkb.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/liela-interese-parsaules-elektrostaciju-un-elektroenergijas-uzkratuvjuieviesanu?utm_source=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
- Thomaßen G., Kavvadias K., Jiménez Navarro J. P., The decarbonisation of the EU heating sector through electrification: A parametric analysis. Energy Policy 2021:148:111929. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENPOL.2020.111929
- Klimata un enerģētikas ministrija. Memorandā vienojas veicināt centralizētās siltumapgādes jomas elektrifikāciju. (Ministry of Climate and Energy. The memorandum agrees to promote the electrification of the district heating sector). [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025.] Available: https://www.kem.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/memoranda-vienojas-veicinatcentralizetas-siltumapgades-jomas-elektrifikaciju (In Latvian).
- Zabala Urrutia L., Schumann M., Febres J. Optimization of electric demand response based on users’ preferences. Energy 2025:324:135893. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2025.135893
- Electricity market design. [Online]. [Accessed 16.01.2025]. Available: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/markets-and-consumers/electricity-market-design_en
- Noshchenko O., Hagspiel V., Deshpande P. C. Assessing the sustainability of offshore platform power supply alternatives using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): A case study of Norway. Science of The Total Environment 2025:973:179053. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2025.179053
- Grondin D., Tang C., Barney A., François A., Polatidis H., Benne M., Morel B. Long-term energy scenario ranking with MCDA analysis: The case of Reunion Island. Smart Energy 2025:17:100171. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEGY.2024.100171