Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Policy Coherence of the EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework: Integration of Carbon Farming in Climate and Agricultural Policy Cover

Policy Coherence of the EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework: Integration of Carbon Farming in Climate and Agricultural Policy

Open Access
|Oct 2025

References

  1. Gancone A. Ministry for Climate and Energy. On meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction and carbon dioxide sequestration commitments Jul., 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 19.11.2024]. Available: https://tapportals.mk.gov.lv/legal_acts/3e4d5998-941b-4426-a476-ab2080be8b6c
  2. European Commission. Kyoto Protocol. [Online]. [Accessed 19.11.2024]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/lv/memo_04_43
  3. UNFCCC. What is the Kyoto Protocol? [Online]. [Accessed 19.11.2024]. Available: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
  4. United Nations. Marking the Kyoto Protocol’s 25th anniversary’, United Nations. [Online]. [Accessed 20.11.2024]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/marking-kyoto-protocol%E2%80%99s-25th-anniversary
  5. Doan N., Doan H., Nguyen C. P., Nguyen B. Q. From Kyoto to Paris and beyond: A deep dive into the green shift. Renewable Energy 2024:228:120675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120675
  6. United Nations. The 17 goals. Sustainable Development. [Online]. [Accessed 06.02.2024]. Available: https://sdgs.un.org/goals
  7. Thorsøe M. H. Carbon Farming: The foundation for carbon farming schemes – lessons learned from 160 European schemes. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4725455
  8. European Council and Council of the European Union, ‘Fit for 55’, Consilium. [Online]. [Accessed 21.11.2024]. Available: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/lv/policies/fit-for-55/
  9. Brad A., Schneider E. Carbon dioxide removal and mitigation deterrence in EU climate policy: Towards a research approach. Environmental Science Policy 2023:150:103591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2023.103591
  10. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the European council, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions The European Green Deal. Brussels, Nov. 12, 2019. [Online]. [Accessed 29.08.2023]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN
  11. Lal R. Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security. Science 2004:304(5677):1623–1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396
  12. Raina N., Zavalloni M., Viaggi D. Incentive mechanisms of carbon farming contracts: A systematic mapping study. Journal of Environmental Management 2024:352:120126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120126
  13. Paul C. et al. Carbon farming: Are soil carbon certificates a suitable tool for climate change mitigation? Journal of Environmental Management 2023:330:117142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117142
  14. Jansson C. et al. Crops for Carbon Farming. Frontiers in Plant Science 2021:12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.636709
  15. Mattila T. J., Hagelberg E., Söderlund S., Joona J. How farmers approach soil carbon sequestration? Lessons learned from 105 carbon-farming plans. Soil and Tillage Research 2022:215:105204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105204
  16. European Parliament. Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2024 establishing a Union certification framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming and carbon storage in products. 2024. Official Journal of the European Union 2024 L: 3012
  17. European Commission. Sustainable Carbon Cycles. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 25.02.2024]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0800
  18. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. A new Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe. 2020. [Online]. [Accessed 03.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0098&qid=1735907493045
  19. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system. 2020. [Online]. [Accessed 03.01.2025]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52020DC0381
  20. Fallasch F. et al. The EU Carbon Removal Certification Framework: Options for using certified removal units and funding mitigation activities. Ecologic Institute, Berlin, Interim report, 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 03.01.2025]. Available: https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/default/files/publication/2024/50122-the-eu-carbon-removal-certificationframework.pdf
  21. Cavallin E. Carbon Farming and the Commission Proposal for a Regulation on a Certification Framework for Carbon Removals: a Legal Perspective. Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2024:21(1):41–71. https://doi.org/10.1163/18760104-21010006
  22. Günther P., Garske B., Heyl K., Ekardt F. Carbon farming, overestimated negative emissions and the limits to emissions trading in land-use governance: the EU carbon removal certification proposal. Environmental Sciences Europe 2024:36(1):72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-024-00892-y
  23. Genstwa N., Zmyślona J. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Efficiency in Polish Agriculture. Agriculture 2024:14(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010056
  24. Kostevica V., Blumberga D. Which EU Country Contributes Most to GHG Emissions in the LULUCF Sector Relative to Population and GDP? Environmental and Climate Technologies 2024:28(1):527–539. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2024-0041
  25. European Commission. Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming. [Online]. [Accessed 15.01.2025]. Available: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/carbon-removals-and-carbon-farming_en
  26. Baumber A. et al. Soil-based carbon farming: Opportunities for collaboration. J. Rural Stud. 2024:108:103268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103268
  27. European Commission: Directorate-General for Climate Action, COWI, Ecologic Institute, IEEP, Radley, G. et al., Setting up and implementing result-based carbon farming mechanisms in the EU – Technical guidance handbook, Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 12.04.2023]. Available: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2834/056153
  28. European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European parliament and of the council establishing a Union certification framework for carbon removals. Nov. 30, 2022. [Online]. [Accessed 12.04.2023]. Available: https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/Proposal_for_a_Regulation_establishing_a_Union_certification_framework_for_carbon_removals.pdf
  29. McDonald H. et al. Carbon farming – Making agriculture fit for 2030. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/695482/IPOL_STU(2021)695482_EN.pdf
  30. Carbon Cycle Institute. What is Carbon Farming? [Online]. [Accessed 01.04.2025]. Available: https://www.carboncycle.org/what-is-carbon-farming/
  31. Harman G. E., Uphoff N. Symbiotic Root-Endophytic Soil Microbes Improve Crop Productivity and Provide Environmental Benefits. Scientifica 2019:1:9106395. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9106395
  32. Panchasara H., Samrat N. H., Islam N. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends and Mitigation Measures in Australian Agriculture Sector – A Review. Agriculture 2021:11(2):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020085
  33. The North Sea Region Programme. What is carbon farming? [Online]. [Accessed 02.04.2025]. Available: https://northsearegion.eu/carbon-farming/what-is-carbon-farming/
  34. Ball K. R., Burke I. C., Collins D. P., Kruger C. E., Yorgey G. G. Digging deeper: Assessing the predictive power of common greenhouse gas accounting tools for soil carbon sequestration under organic amendment. Journal of Cleaner Production 2023:429:139448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139448
  35. Newton P., Civita N., Frankel-Goldwater L., Bartel K., Johns C. What Is Regenerative Agriculture? A Review of Scholar and Practitioner Definitions Based on Processes and Outcomes. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2020:4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.577723
  36. Landers J. N., de Freitas P. L., de Oliveira M. C., da Silva Neto S. P., Ralisch R., Kueneman E. A. Next Steps for Conservation Agriculture. Agronomy 2021:11(12):2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122496
  37. Puupponen A., Lonkila A., Savikurki A., Karttunen K., Huttunen S., Ott A. Finnish dairy farmers’ perceptions of justice in the transition to carbon-neutral farming. Journal of Rural Studies 2022:90:104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.01.014
  38. Bento A., Kanbur R., Leard B. On the importance of baseline setting in carbon offsets markets. Climate Change 2016:137(3):625–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1685-2
  39. Baumber A., Metternicht G., Cross R., Ruoso L.-E., Cowie A. L., Waters C. Promoting co-benefits of carbon farming in Oceania: Applying and adapting approaches and metrics from existing market-based schemes. Ecosystem Services 2019:39:100982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100982
  40. Dixon-Woods M., Agarwal S., Jones D., Young B., Sutton A. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: A review of possible methods. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2005:10(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/135581960501000110
  41. Bowen G. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal 2009:9:27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
  42. Mayring P. Qualitative Content Analysis. Forum Qual. Sozialforschung Forum Qual. Soc. Res. -Line J. Httpqualitative-Res.-E2-00inhalt-Ehtm, vol. 1, Jun. 2000.
  43. Kuckartz U. Qualitative Text Analysis: A Systematic Approach. in Compendium for Early Career Researchers in Mathematics Education, G. Kaiser and N. Presmeg, Eds., Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019:181–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15636-7_8
  44. Lindgren B.-M., Lundman B., Graneheim U. H. Abstraction and interpretation during the qualitative content analysis process. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2020:108:103632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103632
  45. Wohlin C. Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering, in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering. London England United Kingdom: ACM, May 2014. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601248.2601268
  46. Geissdoerfer M., Savaget P., Bocken N. M. P., Hultink E. J. The Circular Economy – A new sustainability paradigm. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017:143:757–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
  47. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2021/2115 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 establishing rules on support for strategic plans to be drawn up by Member States under the common agricultural policy (CAP Strategic Plans) and financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 and (EU) No 1307/2013, vol. 435. 2021. Official Journal of the European Union 2021: L 435/1.
  48. European Parliament. Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance.), vol. 328. 2018. Official Journal of the European Union 2018: L 328/1.
  49. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (Text with EEA relevance) Text with EEA relevance. 2023. Accessed: Nov. 06, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/841/2023-05-11/eng
  50. European Commission, Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe. 2012. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52012DC0060&qid=1736248700119
  51. European Parliament, Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance), vol. 275. 2003. Official Journal of the European Union 2003: L 275/32.
  52. European Parliament, Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (Text with EEA relevance), vol. 140. 2009. Official Journal of the European Union 2009: L 140/114.
  53. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. New European Bauhaus Beautiful, Sustainable, Together, 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0573&qid=1736261002835
  54. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission), A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment: updated bioeconomy strategy. Publications Office of the European Union, 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/792130
  55. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the European council, the council, the European economic and social committee, the committee of the regions and the European investment bank A Clean Planet for all A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52018DC0773
  56. United Nations. The Paris Agreement. United Nations, 2015. [Online]. [Accessed 30.12.2024]. Available: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement
  57. European Commission. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast) (Text with EEA relevance.), vol. 328. 2018. [Online]. [Accessed 30.12.2024]. Available: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/2001/oj/eng
  58. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions Towards an ambitious Industrial Carbon Management for the EU. 2024. [Online]. [Accessed 30.12.2024]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2024%3A62%3AFIN
  59. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives. 2020. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0380&qid=1736248030798
  60. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions EU Soil Strategy for 2030 Reaping the benefits of healthy soils for people, food, nature and climate. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0699&qid=1736252245111
  61. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions New EU Forest Strategy for 2030. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0572&qid=1736248192731
  62. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions on an EU strategy to reduce methane emissions. 2020. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0663&qid=1736251931280
  63. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions Forging a climate-resilient Europe – the new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2021:82:FIN
  64. European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European parliament and of the council on a monitoring framework for resilient European forests. 2023. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2023:728:FIN
  65. European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’), vol. 243. 2021. Official Journal of the European Union 2021: L 243/1.
  66. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2024/1735 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on establishing a framework of measures for strengthening Europe’s net-zero technology manufacturing ecosystem and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Text with EEA relevance). 2024. Official Journal of the European Union 2024: L/1735.
  67. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2024/1991 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 June 2024 on nature restoration and amending Regulation (EU) 2022/869 (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union 2024: L/1991.
  68. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union 2018: L 156/26
  69. European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions A long-term Vision for the EU’s Rural Areas – Towards stronger, connected, resilient and prosperous rural areas by 2040. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 07.01.2025]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0345
  70. European Commission, COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS The Future of Food and Farming. 2017. Accessed: Jan. 07, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52017DC0713&qid=1736247836218
  71. European Parliament, Regulation (EU) 2021/2116 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 December 2021 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013. Official Journal of the European Union 2021: L 435/187.
  72. Ingram J., Maye D., Reed M. Contestations in the emerging soil-based carbon economy: towards a research agenda. Sustainability Science 2025:20(2):597–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-024-01609-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2025-0045 | Journal eISSN: 2255-8837 | Journal ISSN: 1691-5208
Language: English
Page range: 658 - 684
Submitted on: Jun 13, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 10, 2025
Published on: Oct 18, 2025
Published by: Riga Technical University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Krista Laktuka, Ilze Luksta, Dagnija Blumberga, published by Riga Technical University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.