4D Model for Impact Analysis in Hydroelectric Projects

This study proposes a four-dimensional analysis model to assess the impacts generated by reservoir-based hydroelectric projects: multi-spatial, multi-temporal, multidecision- maker, and multi-criteria. Rather than replacing existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methodologies, the model is designed to complement and enhance the EIA process. The research employs a combined methodology that includes a systematic literature review using PRISMA, impact relationship analysis through DEMATEL-WINGS, and impact prioritization using AHP. A total of 148 impacts were identified and categorized according to the proposed dimensions, resulting in over 1 100 analysed combinations. The results show that the most influential impact is the increased risks generated by the community during the construction phase, while the most persistent and significant effect corresponds to changes in plant diversity during the operational phase. By integrating a multidimensional perspective, the model provides a structured and replicable tool for supporting the design of Environmental Management Plans and public policies. The study also acknowledges current limitations, such as the restricted number of decision-makers considered, and recommends the inclusion of economic criteria and additional stakeholders in future research to improve the model’s comprehensiveness and practical utility.