Effective and Democratic Governance as the Condition of Digital Social Innovations in Europe

Country	Economist Intelligence Unit Social Innovation Index	European Digital Social Innovation Index (EDSII)	EDSII category - anchor (textual expression)	EDSII category - anchor (numeric expression)	Calibrated membership in the set of highly digitally socially innovative countries
Denmark	71.2	73.8	Fully highly digitally socially innovative	1.00	1.000
United Kingdom	77.3	72.2		1.00	0.999999
Netherlands	57.7	68.7		1.00	0.999992
Spain	44.8	63.6		1.00	0.999885
Sweden	65.7	63.3		1.00	0.999867
Finland	59.2	58.2		1.00	0998647
France	66.4	56.9	1.00	0.997699
Belgium	69.2	55.9	1.00	0.996591
Ireland	56.5	53.1	1.00	0.99047
Austria	n.a.	51.5	1.00	0.983639
Germany	66	50.3	1.00	0.976011
Slovenia	n.a.	41.1	Mostly highly digitally socially innovative	0.67	0.772396
Latvia	n.a.	39.2	Mostly highly digitally socially innovative	0.67	0691402
Czechia	n.a.	38.1	0.67	0.640847
Portugal	52	37.0	0.67	0.589042
Poland	52.6	33.8	Mostly not highly digitally socially innovative	0.33	0.441652
Lithuania	n.a.	32.9		0.33	0.403235
Cyprus	n.a.	32.8		0.33	0.399082
Slovakia	n.a.	32.3		0.33	0.378686
Estonia	n.a.	30.0	0.33	0.29327
Hungary	n.a.	28.1	0.33	0.233298
Italy	57.5	24.7	0.33	0.147394
Romania	n.a.	17.9	Not highly digitally socially innovative	0.00	0.037805
Bulgaria	n.a.	14.8	Not highly digitally socially innovative	0.00	0.011962
Greece	n.a.	13.7	0.00	0.006631
Croatia	n.a.	10.7	0.00	0.000499

[i] Sources: (Economist Intelligence Unit n.d.; Nesta 2019); own calculations.

[ii] EDSII, European Digital Social Innovation Index.

Table 2.

Aspects of culture and the corresponding set memberships

Country	Power distance	Power distance category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with high power distance	Individualism	Individualism category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with high individualism	Masculinity	Masculinity category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with high masculinity
Austria	11	0	0.00070	55	0.33	0.32145	79	1.00	0.89129
Belgium	65	0.67	0.65506	75	0.67	0.70823	54	0.67	0.55857
Bulgaria	70	0.67	0.72202	30	0.00	0.00166	40	0.33	0.37055
Croatia	73	0.67	0.76144	33	0.00	0.00629	40	0.33	0.37055
Cyprus	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Czechia	57	0.67	0.55178	58	0.33	0.38860	57	0.67	0.60133
Denmark	18	0	0.05309	74	0.67	0.69324	16	0.00	0.01334
Estonia	40	0.33	0.36226	60	0.33	0.43245	30	0.33	0.22630
Finland	33	0.33	0.28297	63	0.67	0.49580	26	0.33	0.15893
France	68	0.67	0.69527	71	0.67	0.64528	43	0.33	0.41015
Germany	35	0.33	0.30684	67	0.67	0.57437	66	0.67	0.73194
Greece	60	0.67	0.58948	35	0.00	0.01275	57	0.67	0.60133
Hungary	46	0.33	0.42606	80	0.67	0.77593	88	1.00	0.95596
Ireland	28	0.33	0.21602	70	0.67	0.62829	68	0.67	0.76007
Italy	50	0.33	0.46972	76	0.67	0.72273	70	0.67	0.78727
Latvia	44	0.33	0.40475	70	0.67	0.62829	9	0.00	0.00000
Lithuania	42	0.33	0.38355	60	0.33	0.43245	19	0.00	0.04367
Netherlands	38	0.33	0.34061	80	0.67	0.77593	14	0.00	0.00377
Poland	68	0.67	0.69527	60	0.33	0.43245	64	0.67	0.70319
Portugal	63	0.67	0.62851	27	0.00	0.00028	31	0.33	0.24219
Romania	90	1	0.93308	30	0.00	0.00166	42	0.33	0.39700
Slovakia	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	52	0.33	0.25452	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Slovenia	71	0.67	0.73528	27	0.00	0.00028	19	0.00	0.04367
Spain	57	0.67	0.55178	51	0.33	0.23271	42	0.33	0.39700
Sweden	31	0.33	0.25761	71	0.67	0.64528	5	0.00	0.00000
U.K.	35	0.33	0.30684	89	1.00	0.86909	66	0.67	0.73194

Country	Uncertainty avoidance	Uncertainty avoidance category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with high uncertainty avoidance	Long term orientation	Long term orientation category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with h long term orientation	IndIndulgence	Indulgence category – anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with high indulgence
Austria	70	0.33	0.49281	60	0.67	0.60105	63	1.00	0.97891
Belgium	94	1.00	0.93335	82	1.00	0.92309	57	1.00	0.93711
Bulgaria	85	0.67	0.81777	69	0.67	0.78117	16	0.00	0.00795
Croatia	80	0.67	0.72034	58	0.67	0.55048	33	0.33	0.37210
Cyprus	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Czechia	74	0.67	0.58469	70	0.67	0.79653	29	0.33	0.25817
Denmark	23	0.00	0.00108	35	0.00	0.02032	70	1.00	0.99562
Estonia	60	0.33	0.29371	82	1.00	0.92309	16	0.00	0.00795
Finland	59	0.33	0.27714	38	0.00	0.04789	57	1.00	0.93711
France	86	0.67	0.83460	63	0.67	0.66978	48	0.67	0.78851
Germany	65	0.33	0.38605	83	1.00	0.92970	40	0.67	0.57661
Greece	100	1.00	0.97096	45	0.33	0.18137	50	0.67	0.83143
Hungary	82	0.67	0.76173	58	0.67	0.55048	31	0.33	0.31456
Ireland	35	0.00	0.03290	24	0.00	0.00004	65	1.00	0.98608
Italy	75	0.67	0.60790	61	0.67	0.62493	30	0.33	0.28618
Latvia	63	0.33	0.34722	69	0.67	0.78117	13	0.00	0.00061
Lithuania	65	0.33	0.38605	82	1.00	0.92309	16	0.00	0.00795
Netherlands	53	0.33	0.19051	67	0.67	0.74779	68	1.00	0.99290
Poland	93	1.00	0.92437	38	0.00	0.04789	29	0.33	0.25817
Portugal	99	1.00	0.96636	28	0.00	0.00084	33	0.33	0.37210
Romania	90	1.00	0.89187	52	0.33	0.38084	20	0.00	0.04819
Slovakia	51	0.33	0.16607	77	0.67	0.88194	28	0.33	0.23060
Slovenia	88	1.00	0.86527	49	0.33	0.29199	48	0.67	0.78851
Spain	86	0.67	0.83460	48	0.33	0.26302	44	0.67	0.68873
Sweden	29	0.00	0.00978	53	0.33	0.41039	78	1.00	0.99952
U.K.	35	0.00	0.03290	51	0.33	0.35112	69	1.00	0.99440

[i] Sources: (‘Hofstede Insights’ n.d.); own calculations.

Table 3.

Inclusiveness and effectiveness of governance and the corresponding set memberships.

Country	World Bank Voice and Accountability of governance (Inclusiveness), 2018	Inclusiveness category - anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with highly inclusive governance	World Bank Effectiveness of governance (Effectiveness), 2018	Effectiveness category - anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with highly effective governance
Austria	1.38	1.00	0.9366	1.45	1.00	0.9557
Belgium	1.40	1.00	0.9433	1.17	0.67	0.8033
Bulgaria	0.32	0.00	0.0463	0.27	0.00	0.8515
Croatia	0.50	0.33	0.2763	0.46	0.00	0.0259
Cyprus	1.04	0.67	0.7454	0.92	0.67	0.5471
Czechia	0.93	0.67	0.6636	0.92	0.67	0.5471
Denmark	1.61	1.00	0.9861	1.87	1.00	0.9988
Estonia	1.21	0.67	0.8574	1.19	0.67	0.8193
Finland	1.61	1.00	0.9861	1.98	1.00	0.9996
France	1.18	0.67	0.8396	1.48	1.00	0.9638
Germany	1.42	1.00	0.9495	1.62	1.00	0.9873
Greece	0.86	0.67	0.6098	0.34	0.00	0.0008
Hungary	0.32	0.00	0.0463	0.49	0.00	0.0426
Ireland	1.32	1.00	0.9131	1.42	1.00	0.9463
Italy	1.05	0.67	0.7526	0.41	0.00	0.0087
Latvia	0.81	0.67	0.5706	1.04	0.67	0.6816
Lithuania	0.92	0.67	0.6559	1.07	0.67	0.7122
Netherlands	1.60	1.00	0.9850	1.85	1.00	0.9985
Poland	0.72	0.67	0.4975	0.66	0.33	0.2164
Portugal	1.21	0.67	0.8574	1.21	0.67	0.8345
Romania	0.46	0.33	0.2247	0.25	0.00	0.1122
Slovakia	0.88	0.67	0.6253	0.71	0.33	0.2809
Slovenia	0.99	0.67	0.7087	1.13	0.67	0.7690
Spain	1.07	0.67	0.7668	1.00	0.67	0.6388
Sweden	1.61	1.00	0.9861	1.83	1.00	0.9982
United Kingdom	1.39	1.00	0.9400	1.34	1.00	0.9138

[i] Sources: (World Bank n.d.); own calculations.

Table 4.

Human development index scores and the corresponding set memberships.

Country	HDI (2019)	HDI category – Anchor	Calibrated membership in the set of countries with very high HDI
Austria	0.922	1	0.9028
Belgium	0.931	1	0.9561
Bulgaria	0.816	0	0.1206
Croatia	0.851	0.33	0.1567
Cyprus	0.887	0.33	0.4269
Czechia	0.9	0.67	0.6227
Denmark	0.94	1	0.9823
Estonia	0.892	0.33	0.4980
Finland	0.938	1	0.9782
France	0.901	0.67	0.6385
Germany	0.947	1	0.9919
Greece	0.888	0.33	0.4405
Hungary	0.854	0.33	0.1664
Ireland	0.955	1	0.9969
Italy	0.892	0.33	0.4980
Latvia	0.866	0.33	0.2236
Lithuania	0.882	0.33	0.3641
Netherlands	0.944	1	0.9886
Poland	0.88	0.33	0.3416
Portugal	0.864	0.33	0.2117
Romania	0.828	0	0.1201
Slovakia	0.86	0.33	0.1910
Slovenia	0.917	0.67	0.8573
Spain	0.904	0.67	0.6854
Sweden	0.945	1	0.9898
United Kingdom	0.932	1	0.9601

[i] Sources: (United Nations Development Programme n.d.); own calculations.

[ii] HDI, Human Development Index.

Table 5.

Consistency and coverage of the consistent causal paths to digital social innovation. The complex solution.

Causal path	The causal combination *Voice Effect * …**	(Unique) Coverage	Consistency
1	~Power Distance * Individualism * ~Uncertainty Avoidance * Indulgence * HDI	0.078	0.999
2	~Power Distance * ~Masculinity * ~Uncertainty Avoidance * ~Long Term Orientation * Indulgence * HDI	0.031	0.991
3	~Power Distance * Masculinity * ~Uncertainty Avoidance * Long Term Orientation * Indulgence * HDI	0.012	0.985
4	Power Distance * Individualism * Uncertainty Avoidance * Long Term Orientation * Indulgence * HDI	0.058	0.998
5	Power Distance * ~Individualism * ~Masculinity * Uncertainty Avoidance * ~Long Term Orientation * Indulgence * HDI	0.053	0.988
6	Power Distance * ~Individualism * Masculinity * Uncertainty Avoidance * Long Term Orientation * ~Indulgence * HDI	0.011	0.935
7	~Power Distance * ~Masculinity * ~Uncertainty Avoidance * Long Term Orientation * ~Indulgence * ~HDI	0.049	0.824
8	Power Distance * ~Individualism * ~Masculinity * Uncertainty Avoidance * ~Long Term Orientation * ~Indulgence * ~HDI	0.025	0.928
	COMPLETE MODEL – Overall coverage and consistency:	0.700	0.947