Geology and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Magnesian Granitoids Within Proterozoic Schist Belt of Southwest Nigeria

Olufemi Williams Okunola; Akinade Shadrach Olatunji; Adegoke Olukayode Afolabi

doi:10.2478/rmzmag-2023-0002

.blurhash-client-img { display: none !important; }

Geology and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Magnesian Granitoids Within Proterozoic Schist Belt of Southwest Nigeria

Materials and Geoenvironment

AHEAD OF PRINT

By: Olufemi Williams Okunola, Akinade Shadrach Olatunji and Adegoke Olukayode Afolabi

Open Access

|Jul 2023

Abstract

The increased global demand for and price of rare earth elements (REEs) has led to intensive search for them in rocks of the upper continental crust all over the world. This study is aimed at characterising the granitoids at Okeho within Southwestern Nigeria using geochemical data and assessing their potential for REE enrichment. Ten representative rock samples of the Proterozoic intrusives, syenite and granodiorite, were studied for their mineralogical and elemental compositions. Elemental concentrations were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Average major oxide concentrations revealed SiO₂ (57.53 wt. %), Al₂O₃ (13.25 wt. %), CaO (5.05 wt. %), and MgO (5.59 wt. %) for the syenite and SiO₂ (62.39 wt. %), Al₂O₃ (14.98 wt. %), CaO (3.67 wt. %), and MgO (3.25 wt. %) for the granodiorite. Total Alkali–Silica (TAS), Aluminum Saturation Index (ASI), and La/10-Y/15-Nb/8 plots discriminated the granitoids as metaluminous monzonite-syenite and peraluminous diorite-granodiorite. Average total REE concentrations in the syenite (625.06 ppm) and porphyritic-granodiorite (364.51 ppm) were above values reported for the granites in some mines in Jiangxi Province, Southern China.

References

Handoko, A.D., Sanjaya, E. (2018): Characteristics and genesis of Rare Earth Element (REE) in western Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: 118, 012077, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012077.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Orris, G.J., Grauch, R.I. (2002): Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, Tucson, pp. 2–189.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xie, Y.L., Hou, Z.Q., Goldfarb, R.J., Guo, X., Wang, L. (2016): Rare earth element deposits in China. Reviews in Economic Geology, 18, pp. 115–136.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Xu, C., Kynický, J., Smith, M.P., Kopriva, A., Brtnický, M., Urubek, T., Yang, Y., Zhao, Z., He, C., Song, W. (2017): Origin of heavy rare earth mineralization in South China. Nature Communications, 8, 14598, DOI:10.1038/ncomms14598.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Krishnamurthy, P. (2020): Rare Metal (RM) and Rare Earth Element (REE) Resources: World Scenario with Special Reference to India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 95(5), pp. 465–474, DOI:10.1007/s12594-020-1463-7.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ukeagbu, V.U., Beka, F.T. (2008): Rare-earth elements as source indicators of Pan-African granites from Obudu Plateau, Southeastern Nigeria. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 27(2), pp. 130–134, DOI:10.1007/s11631-008-0130-2.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Omotunde, V.B., Olatunji, A.S., Abdus-Salam, M.O. (2020): Rare Earth Elements Assessment in the Granitoids of Part of Southwestern Nigeria. European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 1(5), pp. 4244–4261, DOI:org/10.24018/ejgeo.2020.1.5.79.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Okunlola, O.A., Ajibola, O.M., Olisa, O.G. (2022): Rare element geochemistry and abundances in syenites and charnockitic rocks of selected locations within Southwestern Nigeria. Materials and Geoenvironment, 68(3), pp. 1–10, DOI:10.2478/rmzmag-2021-0018.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S. (2003): Composition of the Continental Crust. In: Treatise on geochemistry, Vol. 3, Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (eds.). Pergamon: Oxford, pp. 1–64, DOI:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
White, A.J.R., Chappell, B.W. (1983): Granitoid Types and Their Distribution in the Lachlan Fold Belt, Southeastern Australia. Geological Society of America Memoirs, 159, pp. 21–34, DOI.org/10.1130/MEM159-p21.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., Frost, C.D. (2001): A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42, pp. 2033–2048, DOI: 10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., Tindle, A.G. (1984): Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4), pp. 956–983.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Harris, N.B.W., Pearce, J.A., Tindle, A.G. (1986): Geochemical characteristics of collision-zone magmatism. In: Collision Tectonics, Coward, M.P., Ries, A.C. (eds.). Geological Society London Special Publication:UK, 19, pp. 67–81.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tagami, T., Hasebe, N. (1999): Cordilleran-type orogeny and episodic growth of continents: Insights from the circum-Pacific continental margins. The Island Arc, 8(2), pp. 206–217, DOI:10.1046/j.1440-1738.1999.00232.x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McLemore, V.T. (2014): Rare Earth Elements Deposits in New Mexico. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper #9. Conway, F.M. (ed.). Phoenix: Arizona, pp. 1–16.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oyawoye, M.O. (1967): The petrology of a potassic syenite and its associated biotite pyroxenite at Shaki, Western Nigeria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 16, pp. 115–138.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rahaman, M.A., Tubosun, I.A., Lancelot, J.R. (1991): U-Pb geochronology of potassic syenites from Southwestern Nigeria and the timing of deformational events during the Pan-African Orogeny. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East), 13(3–4), 387–395, DOI:10.1016/0899-5362(91)90102-5.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elueze, A.A. (1981): Petrographic studies of metabasic rocks and meta-ultramafites in relation to mineralisation in Nigerian schist belts. Journal of Mining and Geology, 18(1), pp. 31–36.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Middlemost, E.A. (1994): Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Science Reviews, 37(3–4), pp. 215–224, DOI: org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Enrique, P. (2018): Clasificación normativa de las rocas plutónicas saturadas y sobresaturadas en sílice basada en la clasificación modal QAP: El diagrama 2Q-(or+ab)-4an. Geogaceta, 63, pp. 95–98.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lameyre, J., Bowden, P. (1982): Plutonic rock type series: discrimination of various granitoid series and related rocks. Journal of Volcanological and Geothermal Research, 14, pp. 169–186.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cobbings, E.J. (2000): The Geology and Mapping of Granite Batholiths. Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 141 p.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bowden, P., Batchelor, R.A., Chappell, B.W., Didier, J., Lameyre, J. (1984): Petrological geochemical and source criteria for the classification of granitic rocks: a discussion. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 35, pp. 1–11.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Miyashiro, A. (1974): Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. American Journal of Science, 274(4), pp. 321–355, DOI: 10.2475/ajs.274.4.321.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Paulick, H., Bach, W., Godard, M., De Hoog, J.C.M., Suhr, G., Harvey, J. (2006): Geochemistry of abyssal peridotites (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 15°20′N, ODP Leg 209) implications for fluid/rock interaction in slow spreading environments. Chemical Geology, 234(3–4), pp. 179–210, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.04.011.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Barbarin, B. (1999): A Review of the Relationships between Granitoid Types, Their Origins and Their Geodynamic Environments. Lithos, 46, pp. 605–626, DOI: 10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00085-1.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R. (2011): On Ferroan (A-type) Granitoids: their Compositional Variability and Modes of Origin. Journal of Petrology, 52(1), pp. 39–53.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bergemann, C., Jung, S., Berndt, J., Stracke, A., Hauff, F. (2014): Generation of magnesian, high-K alkali-calcic granites and granodiorites from amphibolitic continental crust in the Damara orogen, Namibia. Lithos, 198–199, pp. 217–233.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pitcher, W.S. (1987): Granites and yet more granites forty years on. Geologische Rundschau, 76, pp. 51–79.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D. (2008): A geochemical classification for feldspathic igneous rocks. Journal of Petrology, 49, pp. 1955–1969.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peccerillo, A., Taylor, S.R. (1976): Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 58, pp. 63–81, DOI: 10.1007/BF00384745.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shand, S.J. (1943): The Eruptive Rocks, 2^nd ed. John Wiley: New York, 444 p.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cabanis, B., Lecolle, M. (1989): Le diagramme La/10-Y/15-Nb/8: un outil pour la discrimination des séries volcaniques et la mise en évidence des processus de mélange et/ou de contamination crustale. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences, Series IIA 309: pp. 2023–2029.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pearce, J.A. (1982): Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. In: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks, Thorpe, R.S. (ed.). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, pp. 525–548.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Batchelor, R.A., Bowden, P. (1985): Petrogenetic interpretation of granitoid rock series using multicationic parameters. Chemical Geology, 48, pp. 43–55, DOI: 10.1016/00092541(85)900348.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Taylor, S.R., McLennan S.M. (1995): The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Review Geophysics, 33, pp. 241–265.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ishihara, S., Hua, R., Hoshino, M., Murakami, H. (2008): REE Abundance and REE Minerals in Granitic Rocks in the Nanling Range, Jiangxi Province, Southern China, and Generation of the REE-rich Weathered Crust Deposits. Resource Geology, 58(4), pp. 355–372, DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-3928.2008.00070.x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tian, M.-J., Li, H., Tamehe, L.S., Xi, Z. (2021): Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Zengudi and Tuobake Granite Porphyries in the Sanjiang Region, SW China: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance. Minerals, 11, 404, DOI:10.3390/min11040404.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boynton, W.V. (1984): Geochemistry of the rare earth elements: Meteorite studies. In: Rare Earth Element geochemistry, Henderson, P. (ed.). Elsevier: New York, pp. 63–114. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang, X. (2019): Using Rare Earth Elements (REE) to decipher the origin of ore fluids associated with granite intrusions. Minerals, 9, pp. 426, DOI:10.3390/min11040404:10.3390/min9070426.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2023-0002 | Journal eISSN: 1854-7400

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English, Slovenian

Submitted on: Jan 1, 2023

Accepted on: Feb 20, 2023

Published on: Jul 26, 2023

Published by: Sciendo

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

major oxides,

REE,

syenite,

granodiorite,

orogenic-setting

Related subjects:

Computer sciences,

Databases and data mining,

Geosciences,

Geodesy,

Geology and mineralogy,

Materials sciences,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2023 Olufemi Williams Okunola, Akinade Shadrach Olatunji, Adegoke Olukayode Afolabi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

AHEAD OF PRINT