Figure 1
Categorical distribution of disease laterality presented as n (%); involvement was determined via computed tomography or conventional angiography. Descriptive statistics were used to compare unilateral and bilateral disease patterns.
Figure 2
PAD = peripheral artery disease; ABI = ankle-brachial index; CV = cardiovascular; MI = myocardial infarction; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events (composite of CV death, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke, counted as unique patients); TASC II = Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus II. STROBE = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Percentages are calculated from the enrolled cohort (n = 400). All adverse events were captured during the 90-day follow-up period. Individual MACE components may overlap with each other and with other outcome categories.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics.
| Variables | N(%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 352(88.0%) |
| Female | 48(12.0%) |
| Age groups | |
| ≤40 | 12(3.0%) |
| 41–50 | 50(12.5%) |
| 51–60 | 136(34.0%) |
| 61–70 | 132(33.0%) |
| >70 | 70(17.5%) |
| Risk Factors | |
| Smoking | 315(78.8%) |
| Hypertension | 239(59.8%) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 209(52.3%) |
| CAD | 172(43.0%) |
| Cerebrovascular events | 88(22.0%) |
| CKD | 54(13.5%) |
| Rutherford grade/category | |
| I/1 | 5(1.3%) |
| I/2 | 33(8.3%) |
| I/3 | 161(40.3%) |
| II/4 | 35(8.8%) |
| III/5 | 121(30.3%) |
| III/6 | 45(11.3%) |
Table 2
Distribution of arterial territory, arterial involvement and TASC II Classification.
| Arterial Territory | N(%) |
|---|---|
| Femoropopliteal | 281(70.3%) |
| Aortoilliac | 213(53.3%) |
| Mixed | 199(49.8%) |
| Arterial Involvement | |
| IRA | 93(23.3%) |
| Renal artery | 63(15.8%) |
| CIA | 185(46.3%) |
| EIA | 129(32.3%) |
| CFA | 51(12.8%) |
| SFA | 236(59%) |
| DFA | 40(10%) |
| Popliteal artery | 129(32.3%) |
| TPT | 92(23%) |
| Infrapopliteal | 77(19.3%) |
| TASC II classification | |
| A | 27(12.7%) |
| B | 37(17.4%) |
| C | 32(15.2%) |
| D | 116(54.7%) |
| Total | 212(100%) |
Table 3
Number and percentage of specific adverse outcomes at 3 months.
| Primary outcomes | N(%) |
|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | 55(13.8%) |
| Cardiovascular death | 26(6.5%) |
| Non-fatal MI | 21(5.3%) |
| Non-fatal stroke | 06(1.5%) |
| Total | 108(27.1%) |
| Secondary outcomes | |
| Gangrene | 53(13.3%) |
| Major/minor amputation | 44(11.0%) |
| Requirement of Surgical revascularization | 109(27.3%) |
| Requirement of endovascular revascularization | 106(26.5%) |
| Total | 312(78.1%) |
Table 4
Multi logistic regression model for independent predictors of amputation.
| Predictors of Amputation | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Odds (Lower-Upper) | P Value | B | Odds (Lower-Upper) | P Value | |
| Age | 0.013 | 1.013(0.983–1.043) | 0.41 | |||
| Sex | −0.563 | 0.570(0.247–1.311) | 0.186 | |||
| Smoker | −0.628 | 0.534(0.269–1.060) | 0.073 | −0.097 | 0.907(0.290–2.839) | 0.867 |
| HTN | −0.861 | 0.423(0.223–0.800) | 0.008 | −1.077 | 0.340(0.135–0.859) | 0.022 |
| DM | −0.101 | 0.904(0.483–1.691) | 0.752 | |||
| ABI (R) | −2.757 | 0.063(0.018–0.228) | 0.000 | |||
| ABI (L) | −3.03 | 0.048(0.013–0.179) | 0.000 | −1.73 | 0.177(0.029–1.085) | 0.061 |
| Hb | −0.36 | 0.698(0.588–0.828) | 0.000 | −0.145 | 0.865(0.657–1.139) | 0.302 |
| WBC | 0 | 1.000(1.000–1.000) | 0.000 | |||
| Creatinine | 0.157 | 1.170(0.680–2.012) | 0.571 | |||
| CRPQ | 0.008 | 1.008(1.005–1.012) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 1.001(0.994–1.008) | 0.859 |
| IRA | −0.033 | 0.967(0.459–2.041) | 0.931 | |||
| Renal artery | 0.196 | 1.216(0.537–2.756) | 0.639 | |||
| Aortoiliac artery | 0.059 | 1.060(0.565–1.989) | 0.855 | |||
| femoropopliteal artery | 0.136 | 1.146(0.568–2.310) | 0.703 | |||
| Popliteal artery | 0.949 | 2.583(1.371–4.868) | 0.003 | −0.037 | 0.964(0.369–2.517) | 0.940 |
| TPT | 0.97 | 2.638(1.373–5.070) | 0.004 | |||
| Infrapopliteal | 0.897 | 2.453(1.242–4.846) | 0.01 | 0.202 | 1.224(0.441–3.398) | 0.698 |
| Gangrene | 4.291 | 73.03(30.52–174.75) | 0.000 | 3.966 | 52.75(19.28–144.37) | 0.000 |
| Endovascular revascularization | −0.906 | 0.404(0.166–0.986) | 0.046 | −0.604 | 0.547 | 0.381 |
| Surgical revascularization | −1.757 | 0.173(0.052–0.570) | 0.004 | −0.768 | 0.464 | 0.338 |
Table 5
Multi logistic regression model for independent predictors of all-cause mortality.
| Predictors of all-cause mortality | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Odds (Lower - Upper) | P Value | B | Odds (Lower - Upper) | P Value | |
| Age | 0.04 | 1.040(1.012 – 1.070) | 0.006 | 0.035 | 1.036(0.998–1.076) | 0.063 |
| Sex | −0.261 | 0.770(0.340 – 1.747) | 0.533 | |||
| Smoker | −0.039 | 0.961(0.482 – 1.918) | 0.912 | |||
| HTN | 0.471 | 1.601(0.870 – 2.949) | 0.131 | |||
| DM | 0.633 | 1.883(1.040 – 3.414) | 0.037 | 0.261 | 1.298(0.587–2.872) | 0.519 |
| CAD | 1.565 | 4.784(2.511 – 9.114) | 0.000 | 1.54 | 4.667(2.033–10.715) | 0.000 |
| CVA | 0.648 | 1.911(1.027 – 3.558) | 0.041 | 1.090 | 2.975(1.235–7.168) | 0.015 |
| ABI (L) | −1.289 | 0.275(0.088 – 0.866) | 0.027 | −0.62 | 0.538(0.114–2.542) | 0.434 |
| Creatinine | 1.37 | 3.935(2.075 – 7.462) | 0.000 | 0.816 | 2.260(1.162–4.396) | 0.016 |
| CRPQ | 0.014 | 1.013(1.010 – 1.018) | 0.000 | 0.011 | 1.012(1.006–1.017) | 0.000 |
| Gangrene | 1.228 | 3.415(1.740 – 6.704) | 0.000 | −0.123 | 0.884(0.332–2.359) | 0.806 |
| Amputation | 0.379 | 1.461(0.640 – 3.335) | 0.368 | |||
| Endovascular revascularization | −3.162 | 0.042(0.006 – 0.310) | 0.002 | −3.294 | 0.037(0.004–0.308) | 0.002 |
| Surgical revascularization | −1.719 | 0.179(0.063 – 0.509) | 0.001 | −2.223 | 0.108(0.031–0.377) | 0.000 |
| Unilateral lesion | −1.062 | 0.346(0.179 – 0.667) | 0.002 | −1.085 | 0.338(0.144–0.793) | 0.013 |