Comparison between normal reflow and no reflow according to outcomes_
| Normal reflow (n=83) | With no reflow (n=37) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | |||
| Heart failure | 10 (12.0%) | 21 (56.8%) | <0.001* |
| AF | 8 (9.6%) | 12 (32.4%) | 0.002* |
| Shock | 8 (9.6%) | 4 (10.8%) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac arrest | 6 (7.2%) | 7 (18.9%) | 0.107 |
| In hospital mortality | 3 (3.6%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0.371 |
Comparison between normal reflow and no reflow according to laboratory data, risk assessment, and outcomes_
| Normal reflow (n=83) | With no reflow (n=37) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (gm/dl) | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 11.6 ± 1.1 | 0.599 |
| Platelets (x103/fl) | 231.02 ± 31.7 | 268.03 ± 33.95 | >0.001* |
| WBCs (x103/fl) | 8.35 ± 0.73 | 8.21 ± 0.82 | 0.361 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 201.2 ± 11.3 | 204.4 ± 10.2 | 0.145 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 159.96 ± 11.62 | 157.54 ± 9.3 | 0.227 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 45.4 ± 4.02 | 37 ± 3.7 | >0.001* |
| TGs (mg/dl) | 147.9 ± 13.7 | 212.2 ± 27.04 | >0.001* |
| RBG (mg/dl) | 136.6 ± 11.8 | 134.14 ± 11.22 | 0.296 |
| HbA1C (%) | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 7.5 ± 0.4 | 0.894 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.22 ± 0.14 | >0.001* |
| Serum urea (mg/dl) | 17.33 ± 3.6 | 25.97 ± 4.11 | >0.001* |
| Uric Acid (mg/dl) | 8.7 ± 0.99 | 13.51 ± 1.3 | >0.001* |
| Serum Na (Meq/L) | 137.7 ± 2.3 | 138.1 ± 1.97 | 0.412 |
| Serum K (Meq/L) | 4.53 ± 0.3 | 4.63 ± 0.34 | 0.106 |
| GFR (ml/hr/1.73 m2) | 78.5 ± 6.42 | 58.8 ± 5.53 | >0.001* |
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors affecting no reflow_
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (years) | <0.001* | 1.182 | 1.081 – 1.292 | 0.053 | 1.486 | 0.994 – 2.221 |
| Sex (Female) | 0.800 | 1.114 | 0.484 – 2.561 | - | - | - |
| HTN | 0.026* | 2.566 | 1.122 – 5.873 | 0.058 | 286480.764 | 0.649 – 1.264 |
| History of dyslipidemia | 0.033* | 2.549 | 1.079 – 6.021 | 0.058 | 0.0 | 0.0 – 2.182 |
| History of CAD | 0.740 | 1.144 | 0.518 – 2.527 | - | - | - |
| SBP (mmHg) | <0.001* | 0.773 | 0.701 – 0.853 | 0.036* | 0.461 | 0.224 – 0.950 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 0.014* | 0.890 | 0.812 – 0.977 | 0.712 | 0.931 | 0.635 – 1.364 |
| Hemoglobin (gm/dl) | 0.497 | 0.831 | 0.486 – 1.419 | - | - | - |
| Platelets (x103/fl) | <0.001* | 1.036 | 1.020 – 1.052 | 0.047* | 1.151 | 1.002 – 1.323 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | <0.001* | 0.613 | 0.516 – 0.727 | - | - | - |
| TGs (mg/dl) | <0.001* | 1.144 | 1.078 – 1.214 | - | - | - |
| RBG (mg/dl) | 0.294 | 0.982 | 0.949 – 1.016 | - | - | - |
| HbA1C (%) | 0.880 | 0.902 | 0.237 – 3.433 | - | - | - |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.992 | 4.1582E81 | 0.0 – 0.0 | - | - | - |
| Serum Urea (mg/dl) | <0.001* | 1.922 | 1.498 – 2.467 | - | - | - |
| Uric Acid (mg/dl) | 0.032* | 126.008 | 1.525- 10409.51 | - | - | - |
| Serum Na (Meq/L) | 0.409 | 1.079 | 0.901 – 1.293 | - | - | - |
| GFR (ml/hr/1.73 m2) | <0.001* | 0.554 | 0.409 – 0.749 | - | - | - |
| ECG (STEMI Type) | - | - | - | |||
| Anterior STEMI® | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Lateral STEMI | 0.386 | 0.614 | 0.204 – 1.849 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 – |
| Inferior STEMI | 0.863 | 1.122 | 0.303 – 4.16 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 – |
| Posterior STEMI | 0.999 | 0.0 | 0.0 – 0.0 | 0.999 | 0.0 | 0.0 – |
| Culprit Vessel | ||||||
| LAD® | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| RCA | 0.979 | 0.983 | 0.281 – 3.442 | 0.999 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| LCX | 0.351 | 1.580 | 0.604 – 4.138 | 1.000 | 0.001 | 0.0 |
| Affected vessel number (>2) | 0.219 | 1.632 | 0.747 – 3.564 | 1.000 | 0.751 | 0.0 |
Comparison between the two study groups categorized by reflow status according to risk assessment, number of affected vessels, and culprit vessels_
| Normal reflow (n=83) | With no reflow (n=37) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Initial TIMI flow grades pre-PCI | |||
| TIMI 0 | 65 (78.3%) | 30 (81.1%) | 0.002* |
| TIMI I | 3 (3.6%) | 7 (18.9%) | |
| TIMI II | 12 (14.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| TIMI III | 3 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Thrombus grade | |||
| Nil (Grade 0) | 11 (13.3%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001* |
| Low (Grade 1 – 2) | 41 (49.4%) | 3 (8.1%) | |
| Moderate (Grade 3) | 22 (26.5%) | 7 (18.9%) | |
| High (Grade 4 – 5) | 9 (10.8%) | 27 (73%) | |
| Myocardial blush | |||
| > 2 | 82 (98.8%) | 1 (2.7%) | <0.001* |
| ≤ 2 | 1 (1.2%) | 36 (97.3%) | |
| Culprit vessels | |||
| LAD | 59 (71.1%) | 24 (64.9%) | 0.632 |
| RCA | 10 (12%) | 4 (10.8%) | |
| LCX | 14 (16.9%) | 9 (24.3%) | |
| Number of affected vessels | |||
| Single vessel | 46 (55.4%) | 16 (43.2%) | 0.021* |
| Two vessels | 29 (34.9%) | 10 (27%) | |
| Multiple vessels | 8 (9.6%) | 11 (29.7%) | |
Comparison between normal reflow and no reflow according to demographic data, associated diseases/risk factors, blood pressure vessels and laboratory data_
| Normal reflow (n=83) | With no reflow (n=37) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 50.1 ± 5.8 | 54.9 ± 5.2 | <0.001* | |
| Sex | Female | 58 (69.9) | 25 (67.6) | 0.800 |
| Male | 25 (30.1) | 12 (32.4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.76 ± 0.83 | 27.6 ± 0.85 | <0.001* | |
| Diseases/risk factors | ||||
| HTN | 19 (22.9%) | 16 (43.2%) | 0.024* | |
| History of dyslipidemia | 16 (19.3%) | 14 (37.8%) | 0.030* | |
| Smoking | 41 (49.4%) | 25 (67.6%) | 0.065 | |
| History of CAD | 31 (37.4%) | 15 (40.5%) | 0.740 | |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.3 ± 5.7 | 111.43 ± 8.14 | <0.001* | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.04 ± 3.8 | 71.5 ± 6.7 | 0.038* | |
| Killip classification | ||||
| 1 | 76 (91.6%) | 3 (8.1%) | <0.001* | |
| 2 | 4 (4.8%) | 5 (13.5%) | ||
| 3 | 2 (2.4%) | 18 (48.7%) | ||
| 4 | 1 (1.2%) | 11 (29.7%) | ||
Comparison between the two study groups categorized by reflow status according to echocardiography_
| Normal Reflow (n=83) | With No Reflow (n=37) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LVESD (mm) | 34.29 ± 1.30 | 35.27 ± 1.50 | <0.001* |
| LVEDD (mm) | 55.57 ± 2.52 | 47.65 ± 1.89 | <0.001* |
| LVEF (M-mode) (%) | 47.63 ± 3.30 | 40.97 ± 3.58 | <0.001* |