Psychometric validation of the Nature relatedness scale short-form (NR-6) in Indonesia: Insights from the Rasch model
References
- American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.
- Andrich, D. (1978). A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43(4), 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814
- Andrich, D., & Marais, I. (2019). A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory: Measuring in the Educational, Social and Health Sciences (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7496-8
- Aruta, J., & Pakingan, K. A. (2022). Validating nature relatedness scale in the Philippines: Social responsibility as a cultural driver on why nature relatedness promotes green purchase intention. International Social Science Journal, 72(245), 635–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12338
- Aryadoust, V., Tan, H. A. H., & Ng, L. Y. (2019). A scientometric review of Rasch measurement: the rise and progress of a specialty. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2197. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02197
- Bartholomew, E., Roemer, A., & Medvedev, O. N. (2023). Validation and Enhancement of the 6-Item Nature-Relatedness Scale Using Rasch Analysis. Ecopsychology, 15(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2022.0031
- Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191.
- Bethlehem, J. (2010). Selection bias in web surveys. International Statistical Review, 78(2), 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x
- Bond, T., & Fox, C. (2015). Applying the rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erblaum & Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315814698
- Boone, W. J. (2016). Rasch analysis for instrument development: Why, when, and how? CBE—Life Sciences Education, 15(4), rm4. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-04-0148
- Boone, W. J., & Staver, J. R. (2020). Advances in Rasch analyses in the human sciences. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43420-5
- Boone, W. J., Staver, J. R., & Yale, M. S. (2014). Rasch analysis in the human sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6857-4
- Burhanudin, B., Ronny, R., & Sihotang, E. T. (2019). Connecting intention to use online banking, commitment to environmental sustainability, and happiness: The role of nature relatedness. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.132
- Burhanudin, B., & Unnithan, A. B. (2022). The determinants of eco-friendly tourist behaviour: Perspectives from Indian and Indonesian tourists travelling abroad. Anatolia, 33(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1905014
- Christensen, K. B., Makransky, G., & Horton, M. (2017). Critical Values for Yen’s Q3: Identification of Local Dependence in the Rasch Model Using Residual Correlations. Applied Psychological Measurement, 41(3), 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621616677520
- Clauser, B., & Linacre, J. M. (1999). Relating cronbach and rasch reliabilities. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 13(2), 696.
- Curll, S. L., Stanley, S. K., Brown, P. M., & O’Brien, L. V. (2022). Nature Connectedness in the Climate Change Context: Implications for Climate Action and Mental Health. Translational Issues in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000329
- Damanik, J. (2013). Pariwisata Indonesia: antara peluang dan tantangan. Pustaka Pelajar.
- DiStefano, C., & Jiang, N. (2020). Applying the Rasch rating scale method to questionnaire data. In M. S. Khine (Ed.), Rasch measurement: Applications in quantitative educational research (pp. 31–46). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1800-3_3
- Duncan, P. W., Bode, R. K., Lai, S. M., & Perera, S. (2003). Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: The stroke impact scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(7), 950–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00035-2
- Edelsbrunner, P. A., & Dablander, F. (2019). The psychometric modeling of scientific reasoning: A review and recommendations for future avenues. Educational Psychology Review, 31, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-018-9455-5
- Effendi, M. R., Setiadi, E., & Nasir, M. A. (2020). The local wisdom based on religious values a case of indigenous people in Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(3), 1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83140
- Engelhard, G. (2013). Invariant measurement: Using Rasch Models in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073636
- Engelhard, G., & Wang, J. (2024). Invariant measurement: Using Rasch Models in the social, behavioral, and health sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003458746
- Fisher, W. P. J. (2007). Rating scale instrument quality criteria. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 21(1) p. 1095. http://www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt211m.htm
- Gatersleben, B. (2018). Measuring Environmental Behaviour. In L. Steg & J. I. M. de Groot (Eds.), Environmental Psychology: An Introduction (pp. 155–166). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241072.ch16
- Großmann, K. (2021). Human–environment relations and politics in Indonesia: Conflicting ecologies. Routledge.
- Halim, I. A., Marjani, G. I., Miharja, D., & Sidik, M. D. H. (2025). Wisdom toward nature: A perennial approach to the cultural perspective of indigenous people in Indonesia. Religió Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 15(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.15642/religio.v15i1.3107
- Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2 3), 61–135.
- Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Goal-directed conservation behavior: The specific composition of a general performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(7), 1531–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.06.003
- Kövi, Z., Kim, H., Kamble, S., Mészáros, V., Lachance, D., & Nisbet, E. (2023). Cross-cultural validity of the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR-6) and links with wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 13(2), 45–76. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v13i2.2841
- Kurniawan, F. H., Rahmansyah, R., Rahman, A., Hardiyanti, Kurniawan, J., Putra, I. D., & Hadiprakarsa, Y. (2024). Local community perceptions on the conservation of hornbill (Family Bucerotidae) in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 25(4), 1702–1710. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250440
- Linacre, J. M. (1997). KR-20/Cronbach Alpha or Rasch person reliability: Which tells the “truth.” Rasch Measurement Transactions, 11(3), 580–581.
- Linacre, J. M. (1998). Structure in Rasch residuals: Why principal components analysis (PCA)? Rasch Measurement Transactions, 12(2), 636.
- Linacre, J. M. (1999). Investigating rating scale category utility. Journal of Outcome Measurement, 3(2), 103–122.
- Linacre, J. M. (2004). Optimizing rating scale category effectiveness. In E. V Smith Jr. & R. M. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to Rasch measurement: Theory, model and application (pp. 258–278). JAM Press.
- Linacre, J. M. (2008a). Winsteps® Rasch measurement computer program user’s guide. winsteps.com.
- Linacre, J. M. (2008b). Winsteps. (Version 3.65.0) [Computer Software]. Chicago: Winsteps.com.
- Linacre, J. M. (2010). Transitional categories and usefully disordered thresholds. Online Educational Research Journal, 1, 1–10.
- Linacre, J. M., & Wright, B. D. (1989). The “length” of a logit. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 3(2), 54–55.
- Luong, R. (2022). Factor structure, measurement equivalence, and reliability of the Nature Relatedness Scale Short Form (NR-6) across males and females. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 82(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101828
- Mangunjaya, F. M., & McKay, J. E. (2012). Reviving an islamic approach for environmental conservation in indonesia. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 16(3), 286–305. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685357-01603006
- Mantel, N. (1963). Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(303), 690–700. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500879
- Mantel, N., & Haenszel, W. (1959). Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22(4), 19–748. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/22.4.719
- Moreira, P. A. S., Inman, R. A., Loureiro, A., Pedras, S., Faria, S., Araújo, M., Rocha, R., & Araújo, D. (2022). Nature relatedness is a unidimensional construct: evidence from the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR-6) (La relación con la naturaleza es un constructo unidimensional: evidencias a partir de la escala de Relación con la Naturaleza (NR-6)). Psyecology, 00(00), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2022.2085384
- Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2013). The NR-6: A new brief measure of nature relatedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 813. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00813
- Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748
- Padilla, J., & Benitez, I. (2014). Validity evidence based on response processes. Psicothema, 26(1), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.259
- Parker, L., & Prabawa-Sear, K. (2019). Environmental education in Indonesia: creating responsible citizens in the global south? Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429397981
- Purwanto, Y., Sukara, E., Ajiningrum, P. S., & Priatna, D. (2020). Cultural diversity and biodiversity as foundation of sustainable development. Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies, 1(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.33751/injast.v1i1.1976
- Rahardjanto, A., Husamah, Hudha, A. M., & Permana, T. I. (2025). Ecocultural practices in East Java, Indonesia: A hermeneutic phenomenological study on “Reresik Kali” as local wisdom for river conservation. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12(October), 102176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.102176
- Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Danish Institute for Educational Research.
- Redondo, R., Valor, C., & Carrero, I. (2022). Unraveling the Relationship between Well-Being, Sustainable Consumption and Nature Relatedness: a Study of University Students. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(2), 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09931-9
- Rios, J., & Wells, C. (2014). Validity evidence based on internal structure. Psicothema, 26(1), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.260
- Sari, U. K., Yusnikusumah, T. R., Akbar, A., Wiati, C. B., Purba, S. F., Nisaa’, R. M., Sari, N., Adman, B., & Wibisono, Y. (2026). Bridging culture and nature: An ethnobotanical exploration of the Dayak Ga’ai in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. Ethnobotany Research and Applications , 33, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.33.12.1-16
- Schumacker, R. E., & Smith, E. V. (2007). A rasch perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67(3), 394–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164406294776
- Smith Jr, E. V. (2001). Evidence for the reliability of measures and validity of measure interpretation: a Rasch measurement perspective. Journal of Applied Measurement, 2(3), 281–311.
- Smith, R. M. (2003). Rasch Measurement Models: Interpret in WINSTEPS/BIGSTEPS and FACETS Output. JAM Press.
- Smith, E. V., Wakely, M. B., De Kruif, R. E. L., & Swartz, C. W. (2003). Optimizing rating scales for self-efficacy (and other) research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(3), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403063003002
- Spencer, K. L., Deere, N. J., Aini, M., Avriandy, R., Campbell-Smith, G., Cheyne, S. M., Gaveau, D., Humle, T., Hutabarat, J., Loken, B., Macdonald, D., Marshall, A., Morgans, C., Rayadin, Y., Sanchez, K., Spehar, S., Suanto, Sugardjito, J., Wittmer, H., … Struebig, M. J. (2023). Implications of large-scale infrastructure development for biodiversity in Indonesian Borneo. Science of the Total Environment, 866, 161075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161075
- Stafford, R., & Jones, P. J. S. (2019). How to stop climate change: six ways to make the world a better place. The Conversation.
- Stevens, S. S. (1946). On the theory of scales of measurement. Science, 103(2684), 677–680.
- Sumintono, B., & Widhiarso, W. (2014). Aplikasi model Rasch untuk penelitian ilmu-ilmu sosial (edisi revisi). Trim Komunikata Publishing House.
- Suprianto, B. (2023). On human-nature relations: The importance of malay adat and rituals in protecting the suhaid river in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Islamic Studies Review, 2(2), 217–250. https://doi.org/10.56529/isr.v2i2.171
- Tam, K. P. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004
- Tennant, A., & Conaghan, P. G. (2007). The Rasch measurement model in rheumatology: What is it and why use it? When should it be applied, and what should one look for in a Rasch paper? Arthritis Care and Research, 57(8), 1358–1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23108
- Untari, R., Avenzora, R., Darusman, D., & Sunarminto, T. (2019). Academic Community Perception on the Quality of Nature-based Tourism Promotion Materials in Indonesia. Media Konservasi, 24(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.24.2.186-199
- von Rintelen, K., Arida, E., & Häuser, C. (2017). A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Research Ideas and Outcomes, 3. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20860
- Wardhani, D. F., Arisanty, D., Nugroho, A., & Utami, U. B. L. (2024). Environmental education model based on local wisdom of the Dayak paramasan tribe Indonesia. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 23(4), 2259–2272. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2024.v23i04.030
- Wilson, M. (2023). Constructing measures: An item response modeling approach (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003286929
- Wind, S. A. (2023). Exploring rating scale functioning for survey research (Vol. 193). SAGE Publications. Wolters, O. W. (2026). Indonesia. Britannica.Com.
- Wong, I. K. A., & Zhao, W. M. (2016). Exploring the effect of geographic convenience on repeat visitation and tourist spending: the moderating role of novelty seeking. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(8), 824–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.870538
- Wright, B. D., & Linacre, J. M. (1994). Reasonable mean-square fit values. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 8(3), 370.
- Wright, B. D., & Masters, G. N. (1982). Rating scale analysis. MESA Press.
- Wright, B. D., & Masters, G. N. (2002). Number of Person or Item Strata. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 16(3), 888.
- Yen, W. M. (1984). Effects of Local Item Dependence on the Fit and Equating Performance of the Three-Parameter Logistic Model. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8(2), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168400800201
- Zwick, R., Thayer, D. T., & Lewis, C. (1999). An empirical Bayes approach to Mantel‐Haenszel DIF analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 36(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1999.tb00543.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rjap-2026-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2392-845X
Language: English
Page range: 35 - 46
Submitted on: Sep 30, 2025
Accepted on: May 21, 2026
Published on: Jun 13, 2026
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Muhammad Abdan Shadiqi, Rahmad Muliadi, Ahmad Helmi Nugraha, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.