A practical approach to coupling GNSS and precise geometric leveling

Baryła Radosław; Ogrodniczak Michał

doi:10.2478/rgg-2026-0005

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A practical approach to coupling GNSS and precise geometric leveling

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

Volume 121 (2026): Issue 1 (June 2026)

By: Baryła Radosław and Ogrodniczak Michał

Open Access

|May 2026

Abstract

This study aims to couple satellite data with precise geometric models. The performance assessment of the method is based on the dataset collected at a part of the vertical base geodetic control network in the Podkarpackie province in Poland. We used baselines determined in two 12-hour-long static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurement sessions and reference coordinates of vertical base points of the geodetic control network. Baselines obtained from satellite measurements were used for the fusion, considering the height anomalies taken from the corresponding official geoid model PL-geoid2021. Proprietary solutions played a key role in satellite measurements by ensuring the correct performance of long-term measurements without requiring the manual measurement of the height of GNSS antennas relative to the marks of the measured geodetic control points. Two patented solutions were used for the first time in this study. The results confirmed the correctness and high applicability of the presented approach.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2026-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2391-8152 | Journal ISSN: 0867-3179

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Language: English

Page range: 59 - 66

Submitted on: Jul 21, 2025

Accepted on: Apr 15, 2026

Published on: May 18, 2026

Published by: Warsaw University of Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

Keywords:

leveling,

GNSS,

geoid,

control network,

normal height

Related subjects:

Computer sciences,

Computer sciences, other,

Geosciences,

Geodesy,

Cartography and photogrammetry,

Geosciences, other

© 2026 Baryła Radosław, Ogrodniczak Michał, published by Warsaw University of Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 121 (2026): Issue 1 (June 2026)