Occurrence of clinically relevant thyroid nodules in adults

Zaletel, Katja; Tuta, Katja; Usaj, Tina; Studen, Katica Bajuk; Bajuk, Natasa Bedernjak; Jesenko, Miha; Radevska, Tanja; Pirnat, Edvard; Gregoric, Matej; Blaznik, Urska; Hribar, Masa; Pravst, Igor; Gaberscek, Simona

doi:10.2478/raon-2026-0001

References

Durante C, Hegedüs L, Czarniecka A, Paschke R, Russ G, Schmitt F, et al. 2023 European Thyroid Association clinical practice guidelines for thyroid nodule management. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e230067. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0067
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Durante C, Costante G, Lucisano G, Bruno R, Meringolo D, Paciaroni A, et al. The natural history of benign thyroid nodules. JAMA 2015; 313:926-35. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.0956
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bajuk Studen K, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E, Zaletel K. Five-year follow-up and clinical outcome in euthyroid patients with thyroid nodules. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55:317-22. doi: 10.2478/raon-2021-0025
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Russ G, Leboulleux S, Leenhardt L, Hegedüs L. Thyroid incidentalomas:epidemiology, risk stratification with ultrasound and workup. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3: 154-63. doi: 10.1159/000365289
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brander A, Viikinkoski P, Nickels J, Kivisaari L. Thyroid gland: US screening in a random adult population. Radiology 1991; 181: 683-7. doi: 10.1148/radiology.181.3.1947082
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Guth S, Theune U, Aberle J, Galach A, Bamberger CM. Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39: 699-706. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02162.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kwong N, Medici M, Angell TE, Liu X, Marqusee E, Cibas ES, et al. The Influence of patient age on thyroid nodule formation, multinodularity, and thyroid cancer risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: 4434-40. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-3100
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moon JH, Hyun MK, Lee JY, Shim JI, Kim TH, Choi HS, et al. Prevalence of thyroid nodules and their associated clinical parameters: a large-scale, multicenter-based health checkup study. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33: 753-62. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2015.273
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li Y, Jin C, Li J, Tong M, Wang M, Huang J, et al. Prevalence of thyroid nodules in China: a health examination cohort-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12: 676144. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.676144
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Agrawal A, Shukla P, Taya S. Overview of thyroid gland characteristics in pregnancy using ultrasonography as an assessment tool. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2023; 12: 300-305. doi: 10.18203/2320-1770. ijrcog20223518
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kung AW, Chau MT, Lao TT, Tam SC, Low LC. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1010-14. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.3.8285
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Meng F, Liu P, Du Y, Yao J, Fan L, Lv C, et al. Association between iodine status and prevalence of hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and thyroid nodule: a cross-sectional study in Shandong province, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 203: 98-104. doi: 10.1007/s12011-024-04179-4
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yan Y, You L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li F, Wu H, et al. Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China. Endocr Connect 2021; 10: 1550-9. doi: 10.1530/EC-21-0418
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tang Møllehave L, Knudsen N, Linneberg A, Bülow Pedersen I, Ravn-Haren G, Madsen AL, et al. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr): history and implications. Eur Thyroid J 2024; 20: 13 e230230. doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0230
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zaletel K, Gaberšček S, Pirnat E, Krhin B, Hojker S. Ten-year follow-up of thyroid epidemiology in Slovenia after increase in salt iodization. Croat Med J 2011; 52: 615-21. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.615
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fister P, Gaberšček S, Zaletel K, Krhin B, Gersak K, Hojker S. Thyroid volume changes during pregnancy and after delivery in an iodine-sufficient Republic of Slovenia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 45-8. doi: 10.1016/j. ejogrb.2009.03.022
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gregoric M, Hristov H, Blaznik U, Koroušić-Seljak B, Delfar N, Pravst I. Dietary intakes of Slovenian adults and elderly: design and results of the national dietary study SI.Menu 2017/18. Nutrients 2022; 14: 3618. doi: 10.3390/nu14173618
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ittermann T, Albrecht D, Arohonka P, Bilek R, de Castro JJ, Dahl L, et al. Standardized map of iodine status in Europe. Thyroid 2020; 30: 1346-54. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0353
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, Durante C, Ngu R, Leenhardt L. European Thyroid Association guidelines for ultrasound malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules in adults: the EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6: 225-37. doi: 10.1159/000478927
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oblak A, Bicek A, Pirnat E, Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. First estimation of reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in Slovenian population. Acta Chim Slo 2021; 68: 488-93. doi: 10.17344/asci.2020.5922
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reiners C, Wegscheider K, Schicha H, Theissen P, Vaupel R, Wrbitzky R, et al. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in the working population of Germany:ultrasonography screening in 96,278 unselected employees. Thyroid 2004; 14: 926-32. doi: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.926
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Monteiro MC, Assayag G, Botler R, Bergamin A, Conceição FL, Silva de Morais N, et al. Thyroid volume in pregnancy is associated with parity, gestational age, and body mass index in an iodine-sufficient area. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2023; 45: e557-61. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1776028
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wang K, Yang Y, Wu Y, Chen J, Zhang D, Liu C. The association of menstrual and reproductive factors with thyroid nodules in Chinese women older than 40 years of age. Endocrine 2015; 48: 603-14. doi: 10.1007/s12020-014-0342-7
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zou B, Sun L, Wang X, Chen Z. The prevalence of single and multiple thyroid nodules and its association with metabolic diseases in Chinese:a cross-sectional study. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020: 5381012. doi: 10.1155/2020/5381012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Santini F, Marzullo P, Rotondi M, Ceccarini G, Pagano L, Ippolito S, et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: the crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171: R137-52. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0067
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li S, Guo W, Meng Q, Zhu M, Wei H, Ji F, et al. The association between thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid nodules, goiter and thyroid antibody positivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14: 1204552. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1204552
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gaberšček S, Bajuk V, Zaletel K, Pirnat E, Hojker S. Beneficial effects of adequate iodine supply on characteristics of thyroid autonomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79: 867-73. doi: 10.1111/cen.12215
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vargas-Uricoechea H, Nogueira JP, Pinzón-Fernández MV, Schwarzstein D. The usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 2: 48. doi: 10.3390/antib12030048
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Occurrence of clinically relevant thyroid nodules in adults

References

Paradigm

My account