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Between defence and delivery: the DNA sensing response to gene electrotransfer Cover

Between defence and delivery: the DNA sensing response to gene electrotransfer

Radiology and Oncology
Volume 59 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)
By: Tanja Jesenko,  Masa Omerzel,  Loree C Heller and  Maja Cemazar  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

FIGURE 1.

Delivery of DNA into the cells induces transgene expression as well as the activation of DNA sensing pathways, resulting in cytokine expression and cell death. Created in BioRender. Cemazar, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/jazpf7t
Delivery of DNA into the cells induces transgene expression as well as the activation of DNA sensing pathways, resulting in cytokine expression and cell death. Created in BioRender. Cemazar, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/jazpf7t

FIGURE 2.

Localization of plasmid DNA after gene electrotransfer (GET) into C2C12 cell line, demonstrating DNA-membrane complexes after 15 min and internalization and presence in the cytoplasm and nucleus after 4 h. Plasma membrane is marked in red, nuclei in blue and plasmid DNA in green. Arrows represent plasmid DNA foci.
Localization of plasmid DNA after gene electrotransfer (GET) into C2C12 cell line, demonstrating DNA-membrane complexes after 15 min and internalization and presence in the cytoplasm and nucleus after 4 h. Plasma membrane is marked in red, nuclei in blue and plasmid DNA in green. Arrows represent plasmid DNA foci.

FIGURE 3.

Ambivalent role of DNA sensing in plasmid DNA gene electrotransfer (GET), acting as a positive or negative ally. Created in BioRender. Cemazar, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/zqbdsxi
Ambivalent role of DNA sensing in plasmid DNA gene electrotransfer (GET), acting as a positive or negative ally. Created in BioRender. Cemazar, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/zqbdsxi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2025-0063 | Journal eISSN: 1581-3207 | Journal ISSN: 1318-2099
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Language: English
Page range: 467 - 476
Submitted on: Nov 10, 2025
Accepted on: Nov 17, 2025
Published on: Dec 16, 2025
Published by: Association of Radiology and Oncology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
gene electrotransfer,
DNA sensors,
gene therapy,
immune response,
plasmid DNA
Related subjects:
Medicine,
Clinical medicine,
Internal medicine,
Haematology, oncology,
Radiology

© 2025 Tanja Jesenko, Masa Omerzel, Loree C Heller, Maja Cemazar, published by Association of Radiology and Oncology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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