References
- Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71: 209-49. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
- Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68: 394-424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492
- Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024; 74: 229-63. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834
- Zadnik V, Gašljević G, Jarm K, Pompe-Kirn V, Strojan P, Zakotnik B, et al. Cancer in Slovenia 2021. Ljubljana: Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Slovenian Cancer Registry; 2024.
- Sanli O, Dobruch J, Knowles MA, Burger M, Alemozaffar M, Nielsen ME, et al. Bladder cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017; 3: 17022. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.22
- DeGeorge KC, Holt HR, Hodges SC. Bladder cancer: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2017; 96: 507-14. PMID: 29094888
- Matulewicz RS, Steinberg GD. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: overview and contemporary treatment landscape of neoadjuvant chemoablative therapies. Rev Urol 2020; 22: 43-51. PMID: 32760227
- Sedmak B. [Malignant tumors of the bladder]. [Slovenian]. Zdrav Vestn 2003; 72(Suppl I): I-27–31.
- Shen Z, Shen T, Wientjes MG, O’Donnell MA, Au JL. Intravesical treatments of bladder cancer: review. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 1500-10. doi: 10.1007/s11095-008-9566-7
- Lasič E, Višnjar T, Kreft ME. Properties of the urothelium that establish the blood-urine barrier and their implications for drug delivery. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168: 1-29. doi: 10.1007/112_2015_22
- Lojk J, Bregar VB, Strojan K, Hudoklin S, Veranič P, Pavlin M, et al. Increased endocytosis of magnetic nanoparticles into cancerous urothelial cells versus normal urothelial cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149: 45-59. doi: 10.1007/s00418-017-1605-1
- Richter S, Sridhar SS. New directions for biologic targets in urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11: 1226-35. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163. MCT-11-0756
- Sulzmaier FJ, Jean C, Schlaepfer DD. FAK in cancer: mechanistic findings and clinical applications. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14: 598-610. doi: 10.1038/nrc3792
- Zhang Q, Wang H, Wei H, Zhang D. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is associated with poor prognosis in urinary bladder carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018; 11: 831-8. PMID: 31938172
- Wozniak MA, Modzelewska K, Kwong L, Keely PJ. Focal adhesion regulation of cell behavior. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1692: 103-19. doi: 10.1016/j. bbamcr.2004.04.007
- Gabarra-Niecko V, Schaller MD, Dunty JM. FAK regulates biological processes important for the pathogenesis of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2003; 22: 359-74. doi: 10.1023/a:1023725029589
- Hecker TP, Gladson CL. Focal adhesion kinase in cancer. Front Biosci 2003; 8: s705-14. doi: 10.2741/1115
- Zhao J, Guan JL. Signal transduction by focal adhesion kinase in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2009; 28: 35-49. doi: 10.1007/s10555-008-9165-4
- Tai YL, Chen LC, Shen TL. Emerging roles of focal adhesion kinase in cancer. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 690690. doi: 10.1155/2015/690690
- Višnjar T, Kocbek P, Kreft ME. Hyperplasia as a mechanism for rapid resealing urothelial injuries and maintaining high transepithelial resistance. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137: 177-86. doi: 10.1007/s00418-011-0893-0
- Višnjar T, Kreft ME. The complete functional recovery of chitosan-treated biomimetic hyperplastic and normoplastic urothelial models. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 143: 95-107. doi: 10.1007/s00418-014-1265-3
- Višnjar T, Chesi G, Iacobacci S, Polishchuk E, Resnik N, Robenek H, et al. Uroplakin traffic through the Golgi apparatus induces its fragmentation: new insights from novel in vitro models. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 12842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13103-x
- Janev A, Banerjee A, Weidinger A, Dimec J, Leskošek B, Silini AR, et al. Recommendations from the COST action CA17116 (SPRINT) for the standardization of perinatal derivative preparation and in vitro testing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11: 1258753. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1258753
- Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE. The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs-Part B: Prostate and bladder tumours. Eur Urol 2016; 70: 106-19. doi: 10.1016/j. eururo.2016.02.028
- Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001; 25: 402-8. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.126
- Lee BY, Timpson P, Horvath LG, Daly RJ. FAK signaling in human cancer as a target for therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146: 132-49. doi: 10.1016/j. pharmthera.2014.10.001
- Canel M, Secades P, Rodrigo JP, Cabanillas R, Herrero A, Suarez C, et al. Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is independent of fak gene copy number. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(11 Pt 1): 3272-9. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1583
- Beierle EA, Massoll NA, Hartwich J, Kurenova EV, Golubovskaya VM, Cance WG, et al. Focal adhesion kinase expression in human neuroblastoma: immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analyses. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 3299-305. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1511
- Cance WG, Harris JE, Iacocca MV, Roche E, Yang X, Chang J, et al. Immunohistochemical analyses of focal adhesion kinase expression in benign and malignant human breast and colon tissues: correlation with preinvasive and invasive phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2417-23. PMID: 10873094
- Sood AK, Coffin JE, Schneider GB, Fletcher MS, DeYoung BR, Gruman LM, et al. Biological significance of focal adhesion kinase in ovarian cancer: role in migration and invasion. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 1087-95. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63370-6
- Niessen CM, Leckband D, Yap AS. Tissue organization by cadherin adhesion molecules: dynamic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenetic regulation. Physiol Rev 2011; 91: 691-731. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2010
- da Costa JB, Gibb EA, Nykopp TK, Mannas M, Wyatt AW, Black PC. Molecular tumor heterogeneity in muscle invasive bladder cancer: biomarkers, subtypes, and implications for therapy. Urol Oncol 2022; 40: 287-94. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.11.015
- Kamoun A, de Reyniès A, Allory Y, Sjödahl G, Robertson AG, Seiler R, et al. A consensus molecular classification of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urology 2020; 77: 420-33. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.006
- Pouessel D, Neuzillet Y, Mertens LS, van der Heijden MS, de Jong J, Sanders J, et al. Tumor heterogeneity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations in invasive bladder cancer: implications for perioperative anti-FG-FR3 treatment. Ann Oncol 2016; 27: 1311-6. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw170
- Nieto MA, Huang RY, Jackson RA, Thiery JP. EMT: 2016. Cell 2016; 166: 21-45. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.028
- Aiello NM, Maddipati R, Norgard RJ, Balli D, Li J, Yuan S, et al. EMT subtype influences epithelial plasticity and mode of cell migration. Dev Cell 2018; 45: 681-95.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.027
- Pastushenko I, Blanpain C. EMT transition states during tumor progression and metastasis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29: 212-26. doi: 10.1016/j. tcb.2018.12.001
- Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15: 178-96. doi: 10.1038/nrm3758
- Jolly MK, Ware KE, Gilja S, Somarelli JA, Levine H. EMT and MET: necessary or permissive for metastasis? Mol Oncol 2017; 11: 755-69. doi: 10.1002/1878-0261.12083
- Mrozik KM, Blaschuk OW, Cheong CM, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K. N-cadherin in cancer metastasis, its emerging role in haematological malignancies and potential as a therapeutic target in cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18: 939. doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4845-0
- Nakajima S, Doi R, Toyoda E, Tsuji S, Wada M, Koizumi M, et al. N-cadherin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10(12 Pt 1): 4125-33. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0578-03
- Zupancic D, Romih R. Heterogeneity of uroplakin localization in human normal urothelium, papilloma and papillary carcinoma. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47: 338-45. doi: 10.2478/raon-2013-0052
- Olsburgh J, Harnden P, Weeks R, Smith B, Joyce A, Hall G, et al. Uroplakin gene expression in normal human tissues and locally advanced bladder cancer. J Pathol 2003; 199: 41-9. doi: 10.1002/path.1252
- Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunology 2022; 15: 1127-42. doi: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0
- Jerman UD, Višnjar T, Bratkovič IH, Resnik N, Pavlin M, Veranič P, et al. Attachment of cancer urothelial cells to the bladder epithelium occurs on uroplakin-negative cells and is mediated by desmosomal and not by classical cadherins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 5565. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115565
- Yu J, Manabe M, Sun TT. Identification of an 85-100 kDa glycoprotein as a cell surface marker for an advanced stage of urothelial differentiation: association with the inter-plaque (‘hinge’) area. Epithelial Cell Biol 1992; 1: 4-12. PMID: 1307937
- DeGraff DJ, Clark PE, Cates JM, Yamashita H, Robinson VL, Yu X, et al. Loss of the urothelial differentiation marker FOXA1 is associated with high grade, late stage bladder cancer and increased tumor proliferation. PloS One 2012; 7: e36669. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036669
- Resnik N, Višnjar T, Smrkolj T, Kreft ME, Romih R, Zupančič D. Selective targeting of lectins and their macropinocytosis in urothelial tumours: translation from in vitro to ex vivo. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160: 435-52. doi: 10.1007/s00418-023-02224-2
- Elie-Caille C, Lascombe I, Péchery A, Bittard H, Fauconnet S. Molecular and nanoscale evaluation of N-cadherin expression in invasive bladder cancer cells under control conditions or GW501516 exposure. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 471: 113-27. doi: 10.1007/s11010-020-03771-1
- Kong D, Chen F, Sima NI. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells via Src and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10: 1725-31. doi: 10.3892/etm.2015.2745
- Kong DB, Chen F, Sima N. Focal adhesion kinases crucially regulate TGFbetainduced migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells via Src kinase and E-cadherin. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10: 1783-92. doi: 10.2147/OTT. S122463
- Barlow L, Meyer R, Shelkey E, Golombos D, Owczarek T, Rong L, et al. Mp48-09 integrin signaling modulation demonstrates potential therapeutic strategy in bladder cancer using three-dimensional organoid culture. [internet]. J Urol 2017; 197(Suppl 4S): e640. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1490 [cited 2025 Apr 15]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1490
- Smith CS, Golubovskaya VM, Peck E, Xu LH, Monia BP, Yang X, et al. Effect of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) downregulation with FAK antisense oligonucleotides and 5-fluorouracil on the viability of melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 2005; 15: 357-62. doi: 10.1097/00008390-200510000-00003
- Fortelny N, Overall CM, Pavlidis P, Freue GVC. Can we predict protein from mRNA levels? Nature 2017; 547: e19-20. doi: 10.1038/nature22293
- Liu Y, Beyer A, Aebersold R. On the dependency of cellular protein levels on mRNA abundance. Cell 2016; 165: 535-50. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.014
- Roupret M, Neuzillet Y, Larre S, Pignot G, Coloby P, Rebillard X, et al. Guidelines for good practice of intravesical instillations of BCG and mitomycin C from the French national cancer committee (CC-AFU) for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Prog Urol 2012; 22: 920-31. doi: 10.1016/j. purol.2012.05.002
- Verastem Oncology. Defactinib, an oral, selective FAK inhibitor. [internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 16]. Available at: https://www.verastem.com/research/pipeline/
- Lu Q, Rounds S. Focal adhesion kinase and endothelial cell apoptosis. Microvasc Res 2012; 83: 56-63. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.05.003
- Schlaepfer D, Hauck C, Sieg D. Signaling through focal adhesion kinase. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1999; 71: 435-78. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6107(98)00052-2
- Kreft ME, Jezernik K, Kreft M, Romih R. Apical plasma membrane traffic in superficial cells of bladder urothelium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1152: 18-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.04004.x
- Kreft ME, Hudoklin S, Jezernik K, Romih R. Formation and maintenance of blood-urine barrier in urothelium. Protoplasma 2010; 246: 3-14. doi: 10.1007/s00709-010-0112-1
- DeGraff DJ, Cates JM, Mauney JR, Clark PE, Matusik RJ, Adam RM. When urothelial differentiation pathways go wrong: implications for bladder cancer development and progression. Urol Oncol 2013; 31: 802-11. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.07.017
- Znidar K, Bosnjak M, Semenova N, Pakhomova O, Heller L, Cemazar M. Tumor cell death after electrotransfer of plasmid DNA is associated with cytosolic DNA sensor upregulation. Oncotarget 2018; 9: 18665-81. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24816
- Znidar K, Bosnjak M, Cemazar M, Heller LC. Cytosolic DNA sensor upregulation accompanies DNA electrotransfer in B16.F10 melanoma cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2016; 5: e322. doi: 10.1038/mtna.2016.34