References
- Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2024; 74: 229-63. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834
- World Health Organisation. Cervical cancer [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2024. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available at: https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
- Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, Noone AM, Markowitz LE, Kohler B, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105: 175-201. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djs491
- de Sanjose S, Brotons M, LaMontagne DS, Bruni L. Human papillomavirus vaccine disease impact beyond expectations. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39: 16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.006
- WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Female genital tumours. 5th edition. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2020.
- Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Thomas Cox J, Heller DS, Henry MR, Luff RD, et al; Members of the LAST Project Work Groups. The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology Standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2013; 32: 76-115. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0b013e31826916c7. Erratum in: Int J Gynecol Pathol 2013; 32: 432. Erratum in: Int J Gynecol Pathol 2013; 32: 241.
- Schiffman M, Doorbar J, Wentzensen N, de Sanjosé S, Fakhry C, Monk BJ, et al. Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2: 16086. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.86
- Klaes R, Friedrich T, Spitkovsky D, Ridder R, Rudy W, Petry U, et al. Overexpression of p16(INK4A) as a specific marker for dysplastic and neoplastic epithelial cells of the cervix uteri. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 276-84. doi: 10.1002/ijc.1174
- Tainio K, Athanasiou A, Tikkinen KAO, Aaltonen R, Cárdenas J, Hernándes, et al. Clinical course of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 under active surveillance: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2018; 360: k499. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k499
- Mccredie MRE, Sharples KJ, Paul C, Baranyai J, Medley G, Jones RW, et al. Articles natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 425-34. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70103-7
- Mills AM, Paquette C, Castle PE, Stoler MH. Risk stratification by p16 immunostaining of CIN1 biopsies: a retrospective study of patients from the quadrivalent HPV vaccine trials. Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39: 611-7. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000374
- Sagasta A, Castillo P, Saco A, Torné A, Esteve R, Marimon L, et al. p16 staining has limited value in predicting the outcome of histological low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Mod Pathol 2016; 29: 51-9. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.126
- Barken SS, Rebolj M, Andersen ES, Lynge E. Frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treatment in a well-screened population. Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2438-44. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26248
- de Vicente JC, Rodríguez-Santamarta T, Rodrigo JP, Allonca E, Vallina A, Singhania A, et al. The emerging role of NANOG as an early cancer risk biomarker in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders. J Clin Med 2019; 8: 1376. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091376
- Rodrigo JP, Villaronga MÁ, Menéndez ST, Hermida-Prado F, Quer M, Vilaseca I, et al. A novel role for NANOG as an early cancer risk marker in patients with laryngeal precancerous lesions. Sci Rep 2017; 7: 11110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11709-9
- Huang R, Rofstad EK. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), cervical CSCs and targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 35351-67. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10169
- Takebe N, Percy Ivy S. Controversies in cancer stem cells: targeting embryonic signaling pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16: 3106-12. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2934
- Prado MM, Frampton AE, Stebbing J, Krell J. Gene of the month: NANOG. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 763-5. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203238
- Maier S, Wilbertz T, Braun M, Scheble V, Reischl M, Mikut R, et al. SOX2 amplification is a common event in squamous cell carcinomas of different organ sites. Hum Pathol 2011; 42: 1078-88. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.11.010
- Porter L, McCaughan F. SOX2 and squamous cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020. 67: 154-67. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.007
- Ji J, Wei X, Wang Y. Embryonic stem cell markers Sox-2 and OCT4 expression and their correlation with WNT signal pathway in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7: 2470-6. PMID: 24966958
- Xu R, Yang WT, Zheng PS. Coexpression of B-lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 and sex-determining region of Y chromosome-related high mobility group box-2 in cervical carcinogenesis. Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 208-17. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.020
- Ji J, Zheng PS. Expression of Sox2 in human cervical carcinogenesis. Hum Pathol 2010; 41: 1438-47. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.11.021
- Yang Z, Pan X, Gao A, Zhu W. Expression of Sox2 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. J BUON 2014; 19: 203-6. PMID: 24659665
- Shen L, Huang X, Xie X, Su J, Yuan J, Chen X. High Expression of SOX2 and OCT4 Indicates radiation resistance and an independent negative prognosis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62: 499-509. doi: 10.1369/0022155414532654
- Moshi JM, Hoogduin KJ, Ummelen M, Henfling MER, van Engeland M, Wouters KAD, et al. Switches of SOX17 and SOX2 expression in the development of squamous metaplasia and squamous intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix. Cancer Med 2020; 9: 6330-43. doi: 10.1002/cam4.3201
- Hou T, Zhang W, Tong C, Kazobinka G, Huang X, Huang Y, et al. Putative stem cell markers in cervical squamous cell carcinoma are correlated with poor clinical outcome. BMC Cancer 2015 24; 15: 785. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1826-4
- Kim BW, Cho H, Choi CH, Ylaya K, Chung JY, Kim JH, et al. Clinical significance of OCT4 and SOX2 protein expression in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15: 1015. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-2015-1
- Wolsky RJ, Harbour LN, Mirza KM, Montag AG, Gwin K. The stem cell-associated transcription factor SOX2 as a diagnostic marker of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix in comparison with p16 and Ki-67. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 26: 403-10. doi: 10.1097/PAI.0000000000000434
- Stewart CJ, Crook M. SOX2 expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Grade 3 (CIN3) and superficially invasive (Stage IA1) squamous carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2016; 35: 566-73. doi: 10.1097/PGP.0000000000000273
- Atıgan A, Kılıç D, Karakaya YA, Gök S, Güler ÖT. The relationship of immunohistochemical SOX-2 staining with histopathological diagnosis in patients with abnormal colposcopic findings. Histochem Cell Biol 2023;1 60: 555-61. doi: 10.1007/s00418-023-02230-4
- Moshi JM, Ummelen M, Broers JLV, Smedts F, van de Vijver KK, Cleutjens JPM, et al. SOX2 expression in the pathogenesis of premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix: its histo-topographical distribution distinguishes between low-and high-grade CIN. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158: 545-59. doi: 10.1007/s00418-022-02145-6
- Javed S, Sood S, Rai B, Bhattacharyya S, Bagga R, Srinivasan R. ALDH1 & CD133 in invasive cervical carcinoma & their association with the outcome of chemoradiation therapy. Indian J Med Res. 2021; 154: 367-74. doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_709_20
- Gu TT, Liu SY, Zheng PS. Cytoplasmic NANOG-positive stromal cells promote human cervical cancer progression. Am J Pathol 2012; 181: 652-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.008
- Noh KH, Kim BW, Song KH, Cho H, Lee YH, Kim JH, et al. Nanog signaling in cancer promotes stem-like phenotype and immune evasion. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 4077-93. doi: 10.1172/JCI64057
- Ye F, Zhou C, Cheng Q, Shen J, Chen H. Stem-cell-abundant proteins Nanog, Nucleostemin and Musashi1 are highly expressed in malignant cervical epithelial cells. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 108. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-108
- Grubelnik G, Boštjančič E, Grošelj A, Zidar N. Expression of NANOG and its regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020: 8573793. doi: 10.1155/2020/8573793
- Lillsunde Larsson G, Carlsson J, Karlsson MG, Helenius G. Evaluation of HPV genotyping assays for archival clinical samples. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17: 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.12.004
- Seegene Inc. Anyplex™ II HPV28 detection user manual. Seoul: Seegene Inc; 2016.
- van Zummeren M, Leeman A, Kremer WW, Bleeker MCG, Jenkins D, van de Sandt M, et al. Three-tiered score for Ki-67 and p16ink4a improves accuracy and reproducibility of grading CIN lesions. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71: 981-8. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205271
- Garland SM, Iftner T, Cuschieri K, Kaufmann AM, Arbyn M, de Sanjose S, et al; IPVS Policy Committee. IPVS policy statement on HPV nucleic acid testing guidance for those utilising/considering HPV as primary precancer screening: quality assurance and quality control issues. J Clin Virol 2023; 159: 105349. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105349
- Vasefifar P, Motafakkerazad R, Maleki LA, Najafi S, Ghrobaninezhad F, Najafzadeh B, et al. Nanog, as a key cancer stem cell marker in tumor progression. Gene 2022; 827: 146448. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146448
- Grubelnik G, Boštjančič E, Pavlič A, Kos M, Zidar N. NANOG expression in human development and cancerogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245: 456-64. doi: 10.1177/1535370220905560
- Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Collado JJ, Gómez D, et al. Human papillomavirus and related diseases in the world. Summary report [Internet]. Barcelona: ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre); 2023. [cited 2025 Feb 28]. Available from: https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/XWX.pdf
- Chaturvedi AK, Katki HA, Hildesheim A, Rodríguez AC, Quint W, Schiffman M, et al; CVT Group. Human papillomavirus infection with multiple types: pattern of coinfection and risk of cervical disease. J Infect Dis 2011;203: 910-20. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq139
- Woodman CB, Collins SI, Young LS. The natural history of cervical HPV infection: unresolved issues. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7: 11-22. doi: 10.1038/nrc2050
- Organista-Nava J, Gómez-Gómez Y, Ocadiz-Delgado R, García-Villa E, Bonilla-Delgado J, Lagunas-Martínez A, et al. The HPV16 E7 oncoprotein increases the expression of Oct3/4 and stemness-related genes and augments cell self-renewal. Virology 2016; 499: 230-42. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.020
- Kareta MS, Gorges LL, Hafeez S, Benayoun BA, Marro S, Zmoos AF, et al. Inhibition of pluripotency networks by the Rb tumor suppressor restricts reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16: 39-50. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.10.019
- Lin T, Chao C, Saito S, Mazur SJ, Murphy ME, Appella E, et al. p53 induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells by suppressing Nanog expression. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7: 165-71. doi: 10.1038/ncb1211
- Tyagi A, Vishnoi K, Mahata S, Verma G, Srivastava Y, Masaldan S, et al. Cervical cancer stem cells selectively overexpress HPV oncoprotein E6 that controls stemness and self-renewal through upregulation of HES1. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22: 4170-84. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-2574
- Xi R, Pan S, Chen X, Hui B, Zhang L, Fu S, et al. HPV16 E6-E7 induces cancer stem-like cells phenotypes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 57050-65. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10959
- Martínez-Ramírez I, del-Castillo-Falconi V, Mitre-Aguilar IB, Amador-Molina A, Carrillo-García A, Langley E, et al. SOX2 as a new regulator of HPV16 transcription. Viruses 2017; 9: 175. doi: 10.3390/v9070175
- Díaz-Tejeda Y, Guido-Jiménez MC, López-Carbajal H, Amador-Molina A, Méndez-Martínez R, Gariglio-Vidal P, et al. Nanog, in cooperation with AP1, increases the expression of E6/E7 oncogenes from HPV types 16/18. Viruses 2021; 13: 1482. doi: 10.3390/v13081482
- Hart AH, Hartley L, Parker K, Ibrahim M, Looijenga LHJ, Pauchnik M, et al. The pluripotency homeobox gene NANOG is expressed in human germ cell tumors. Cancer 2005; 104: 2092-8. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21435
- Chang DF, Tsai SC, Wang XC, Xia P, Senadheera D, Lutzko C. Molecular characterization of the human NANOG protein. Stem Cells 2009; 27: 812-21. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0657
- Mikulenkova E, Neradil J, Vymazal O, Skoda J, Veselska R. NANOG/NANOGP8 localizes at the centrosome and is spatiotemporally associated with centriole maturation. Cells 2020; 9: 692. doi: 10.3390/cells9030692
- Driessens G, Blanpain C. Long live sox2: sox2 lasts a lifetime. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 9: 283-4. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.09.007
- Mills AM, Coppock JD, Willis BC, Stoler MH. HPV E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). Am J Surg Pathol 2018; 42: 192-200. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000974
- Massad LS, Jeronimo J, Katki HA, Schiffman M; National Institutes of Health/American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Research Group. The accuracy of colposcopic grading for detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 137-44. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0b013e31819308d4