References
- Muir T, Bertino G, Groselj A, Ratnam L, Kis E, Odili J, et al. Bleomycin Electrosclerotherapy (BEST) for the treatment of vascular malformations. An International Network for Sharing Practices on Electrochemotherapy (InspECT) study group report. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57: 141–9. doi: 10.2478/raon-2023-0029
- Horbach SER, Wolkerstorfer A, Jolink F, Bloemen PR, Van Der Horst CMAM. Electrosclerotherapy as a novel treatment option for hypertrophic capillary malformations: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Dermatol Surg 2020; 46: 491–8. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002191
- Wohlgemuth WA, Müller-Wille R, Meyer L, Wildgruber M, Guntau M, Heydt SVD, et al. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy in therapy-resistant venous malformations of the body. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021; 9: 731–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.09.009
- McMorrow L, Shaikh M, Kessell G, Muir T. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy: new treatment to manage vascular malformations. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 55: 977–9. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2017.10.002
- Kostusiak M, Murugan S, Muir T. Bleomycin electrosclerotherapy treatment in the management of vascular malformations. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48: 67–71. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003220
- Dalmády S, Csoma Z, Besenyi Z, Bottyán K, Oláh J, Kemény L, et al. New treatment option for capillary lymphangioma: bleomycin-based electrochemotherapy of an infant. Pediatrics 2020; 146: e20200566. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0566
- Schmidt VF, Cangir Ö, Meyer L, Goldann C, Hengst S, Brill R, et al. Outcome of bleomycin electrosclerotherapy of slow-flow malformations in adults and children. Eur Radiol 2024; 34: 6425–34. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-10723-6
- Guntau M, Cucuruz B, Brill R, Bidakov O, Von Der Heydt S, Deistung A, et al. Individualized treatment of congenital vascular malformations of the tongue. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 83: 421–9. doi: 10.3233/CH-221683
- Krt, A, Cemazar M, Lovric D, Sersa G, Jamsek C, Groselj A. Combining superselective catheterization and electrochemotherapy: a new technological approach to the treatment of high-flow head and neck vascular malformations. Front Oncol 2022; 12: 1025270. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1025270
- Loeser JH, Kisser U, Dießel L, Von Der Heydt S, Bidakov O, Loberg C, et al. Interdisciplinary treatment of macroglossia due to a microcystic lymphatic malformation with bleomycin electrosclerotherapy followed by partial resection. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2024; 47: 852–4. doi: 10.1007/s00270-024-03693-1
- Horbach SER, Rigter IM, Smitt JHS, Reekers JA, Spuls PI, Van Der Horst CMAM. Intralesional bleomycin injections for vascular malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137: 244–56. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000001924
- Horbach SER, Wolkerstorfer A, De Bruin DM, Van Der Horst CMAM. Electrosclerotherapy for capillary malformations: study protocol for a randomised within-patient controlled pilot trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e016401. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016401
- Horbach SER, Lokhorst MM, Saeed P, De Goüyon Matignon De Pontouraude, CMF, Rothová A, Van Der Horst CMAM. Sclerotherapy for low-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck: a systematic review of sclerosing agents. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69: 295–304. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.10.045
- Mir LM, Orlowski S, Belehradek J, Paoletti C. Electrochemotherapy potentiation of antitumour effect of bleomycin by local electric pulses. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1991; 27: 68–72. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(91)90064-K
- Orlowski S, Belehradek J, Paoletti C, Mir LM. Transient electropermeabilization of cells in culture. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37: 4727–33. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90344-9
- Jarm T, Cemazar M, Miklavcic D, Sersa G. Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010; 10: 729–46, doi: 10.1586/era.10.43
- Markelc B, Sersa G, Cemazar M. Differential mechanisms associated with vascular disrupting action of electrochemotherapy: intravital microscopy on the level of single normal and tumor blood vessels. PLoS One 2013; 8: e59557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059557
- Sersa G, Beravs K, Cemazar M, Miklavcic D, Demsar F. Contrast enhanced MRI assessment of tumor blood volume after application of electric pulses. Electro Magnetobiol 1998; 17: 299–306. doi: 10.3109/15368379809022574
- Sersa G, Cemazar M, Miklavcic D, Chaplin DJ. Tumor blood flow modifying effect of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin. Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 4017–22. PMID: 10628347
- Sersa G, Cemazar M, Parkins CS, Chaplin DJ. Tumour blood flow changes induced by application of electric pulses. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35: 672–7. doi: 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00426-2
- Cemazar M, Parkins CS, Holder AL, Chaplin DJ, Tozer GM, Sersa G. Electroporation of human microvascular endothelial cells: evidence for an anti-vascular mechanism of electrochemotherapy. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 565–70. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1625
- Al-Olabi L, Polubothu S, Dowsett K, Andrews KA, Stadnik P, Joseph AP, et al. Mosaic RAS/MAPK variants cause sporadic vascular malformations which respond to targeted therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128: 1496–508. doi: 10.1172/JCI98589
- Gehl J, Sersa G, Matthiessen LW, Muir T, Soden D, Occhini A, Quaglino P, et al. Updated standard operating procedures for electrochemotherapy of cutaneous tumours and skin metastases. Acta Oncologica 2018; 57: 874–82. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2018.1454602
- Poole S. Bleomycin sulphate dosing nomenclature. Aust J Hosp Pharm 1998; 28: 211–11. doi: 10.1002/jppr1998283211
- Snoj M, Cemazar M, Srnovrsnik T, Kosir SP, Sersa G. Limb sparing treatment of bleeding melanoma recurrence by electrochemotherapy. Tumori 2009; 95: 398–402. doi: 10.1177/030089160909500324
- Lv Y, Feng Z, Chen S, Cheng X, Zhang J, Yao C. A fundamental theoretical study on the different effect of electroporation on tumor blood vessels and normal blood vessels. Bioelectrochem 2022; 144: 108010. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.108010
- Mir LM. Bases and rationale of the electrochemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Suppl 2006; 4: 38–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2006.08.005
- Kunimoto K, Yamamoto Y, Jinnin M. ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies and molecular biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 2358. doi: 10.3390/ijms23042358
- Majesky MW. Vascular development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38: e17–e24. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.310223
- Castel P, Carmona FJ, Grego-Bessa J, Berger MF, Viale A, Anderson, et al. Somatic PIK3CA mutations as a driver of sporadic venous malformations. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8: 332ra42. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1164
- Schonning MJ, Koh S, Sun RW, Richter GT, Edwards AK, Shawber CJ, et al. Venous malformation vessels are improperly specified and hyperproliferative. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0252342. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252342
- Clapp A, Shawber CJ, Wu JK. Pathophysiology of slow-flow vascular malformations: current understanding and unanswered questions. J Vasc Anom 2023; 4: e069, doi: 10.1097/JOVA.0000000000000069
- Queisser A, Seront E, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Genetic basis and therapies for vascular anomalies. Circ Res 2021; 129: 155–73. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318145
- Zhang W, Chen G, Ren J, Zhao Y. Bleomycin induces endothelial mesenchymal transition through activation of m TOR pathway: a possible mechanism contributing to the sclerotherapy of venous malformations. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170: 1210–20. doi: 10.1111/bph.12355
- Mansur A, Radovanovic I. The expansion of liquid biopsies to vascular care: an overview of existing principles, techniques and potential applications to vascular malformation diagnostics. Front Genet 2024; 15: 1348096. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1348096
- Li D, Sheppard SE, March ME, Battig MR, Surrey LF, Srinivasan AS, et al. Genomic profiling informs diagnoses and treatment in vascular anomalies. Nat Med 2023; 29: 1530–9. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02364-x
- Kosjek T, Krajnc A, Gornik T, Zigon D, Groselj A, Sersa G, et al. Identification and quantification of bleomycin in serum and tumor tissue by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2016; 160: 164–71. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.062
- Groselj A, Kranjc S, Bosnjak M, Krzan M, Kosjek T, Prevc A, et al. Vascularization of the tumours affects the pharmacokinetics of bleomycin and the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123: 247–56. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13012
- Miklavcic D, Snoj M, Zupanic A, Kos B, Cemazar M, Kropivnik M, et al. Towards treatment planning and treatment of deep-seated solid tumors by electrochemotherapy. BioMed Eng OnLine 2010; 9: 10. doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-9-10
- Johnson AB, Richter GT. Surgical considerations in vascular malformations. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 22: 100635. doi: 10.1016/j.tvir.2019.100635
- Heninger J, Cheon E, Green J, Hajduk J, Benzon H. Intralesional bleomycin injection and skin hyperpigmentation: a case series of a single-center experience with a standardized skin-protective protocol. A A Pract 2022; 16: e01551. doi: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000001551
- DeHart AN, Richter GT. Laser Treatment of vascular anomalies. Dermatologic Clinics 2022; 40: 481–7. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2022.06.002
- Mulligan PR, Prajapati HJS, Martin LG, Patel TH. Vascular anomalies: classification, imaging characteristics and implications for interventional radiology treatment approaches. Br J Radiol 2014; 87: 20130392. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20130392