Abstract
NATO’s collective defense depends heavily on the effective integration and interoperability of its member states air defense systems. Despite significant progress in developing strategic concepts, NATO continues to face substantial technical, procedural, and political barriers to achieving full interoperability. This article explores the evolution of air defense integration within NATO, analyzing how technological limitations, organizational obstacles, and political considerations have slowed progress over the years. By examining these challenges, the paper proposes a multi-faceted approach to overcoming them, including phased upgrades of legacy systems, collaborative investment in emerging technologies, standardized information-sharing protocols, and centralized funding mechanisms. Implementing these solutions could create a unified, adaptable, and technologically compatible air defense network that enhances NATO’s collective readiness and effectively addresses modern security threats.