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        <title>Land Forces Academy Review Feed</title>
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        <copyright>All rights reserved 2026, Nicolae Balcescu Land Forces Academy</copyright>
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            <title><![CDATA[Virtual Resource Management for Cell Broadcast Alert Handling]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0023</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces an autonomous agent-based system for intelligent redirecting Cell Broadcast (CB) messages to e-mail using a Raspberry Pi 4B (RPi 4B) connected to a modem, addressing the challenge of limited access to emergency alerts. The concept uses a virtual resource that can act alone upon the occurrence of a stimulus and which manages the dissemination of critical public safety information accurately and in a timely manner. The approach combines an affordable computing platform with an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model that acts as a message filter. The RPi 4B monitors the modem via AT commands, allowing the AI module to classify transmissions and forward alerts to a designated e-mail address. Unlike existing academic works, which primarily focus on weather or seismic triggers, which do not provide equivalent ready-made functionality, the proposed system is designed to expand the system’s alerting capabilities worldwide. Key contributions include expanding access to CB messages, demonstrating a cost-efficient AI-enhanced architecture and delivering a deployable, user-friendly system. Experimental evaluation indicates redirection delays between 57 and 70 seconds, dominated by the modem acquisition stage, while the internal processing latency, from message reception to database storage, was between 5 and 10 seconds.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Calibrating Professional Discretion in Artificial Intelligence-Supported Business-to-Business Selling]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0025</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly embedded in business-to-business (B2B) sales through applications such as lead scoring, forecasting, message generation, meeting summaries, customer relationship management, and next-best-action recommendations. Although these systems can improve speed and consistency, generative and emerging agentic AI also create new challenges for professional discretion because consultative selling depends on contextual interpretation, customer trust, ethical judgment, and the continuous development of salesperson expertise. This article presents a structured integrative review exploring how sales professionals and managers should calibrate their reliance on AI-generated sales recommendations. Drawing on research in AI-supported selling, human–AI reliance, automation bias, customer trust, adaptive selling, and sales management capability, the article develops a professional discretion calibration model. The model proposes four judgment filters (interpretive, relational, ethical, and developmental) that guide five response actions: accept, modify, reject, disclose, or escalate. The article contributes to sales management scholarship by explaining the judgment process through which AI-generated outputs are translated into customer-facing actions and by outlining the practical implications for the responsible use of AI in B2B sales.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Coordination Between the Military Instrument and Diplomacy in Modern Warfare: Implications of Contemporary Strategic Competition for the Adaptation of the Armed Forces]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0024</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Shifts in the international security environment have redefined the way states employ the instruments of national power to achieve strategic objectives. Contemporary conflicts demonstrate that success no longer depends exclusively on military superiority, but on the coherent integration of military, diplomatic, economic, informational and legal instruments. In this context, the synergy between the military instrument and diplomacy becomes an essential factor of strategic effectiveness. The article analyses the mechanisms through which this interaction influences the outcomes of contemporary conflicts and highlights the implications for the adaptation of the armed forces. The research employs a qualitative methodology, based on a comparative analysis of the conflicts in Kosovo, Afghanistan and the Gaza Strip, complemented by an examination of NATO and European Union doctrinal documents. The results show that operational success does not guarantee the achievement of political objectives, and the effectiveness of diplomatic efforts is conditioned by the existence of credible military capability. Based on these findings, the article proposes the conceptual model Integrated Military–Diplomatic Synergy Framework (IMDSF), which explains the interdependence between the military and the diplomatic instrument and provides an analytical framework for adapting the armed forces to the requirements of contemporary strategic competition.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Smart Technologies on the 3E Nexus: Benefits, Risks and Mitigation Strategies]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0026</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Smart technologies are increasingly reshaping the relationship between economic development, energy systems, and environmental performance. Their application creates new opportunities for improving resource efficiency, strengthening energy management, and supporting more sustainable economic activity. At the same time, the expansion of digital infrastructure generates additional technological, environmental, and managerial risks that may reduce the expected benefits of digital transformation. This study examines the impact of smart technologies on the Economy–Energy– Environment (3E) nexus, with particular attention to the balance between positive effects and associated risks. The analysis draws on recent scientific literature, comparative assessment, and the synthesis of international experience related to artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, big data, digital twins, and automated management systems. The results show that smart technologies can improve productivity, optimise energy consumption, enhance environmental monitoring, and support more informed decision-making. However, these benefits are accompanied by higher electricity demand from digital infrastructure, growing cybersecurity exposure, increasing volumes of electronic waste, dependence on digital platforms, and new governance challenges. The study therefore argues that the contribution of smart technologies to sustainable development depends not only on the scale of their adoption, but also on the quality of risk management and the capacity to anticipate unintended consequences. The article proposes a set of mitigation strategies focused on energy-efficient digital solutions, stronger cybersecurity and data-governance practices, improved regulatory coordination, and the integration of technological risks into organisational risk-management systems. The findings provide a conceptual basis for evaluating smart technologies as a factor influencing the coordinated development of the 3E nexus.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Development of the Technical Conditions for CBRN Training in Hungary]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0021</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual architecture for integrating risk and consequence analysis, monitoring, geospatial visualization and constructive simulation systems into hazardous materials incident management training in Hungarian higher education. The research applies literature review, comparative functional analysis and scenario-based system assessment. The examined components include DNV PhastRisk, ALOHA, MARPLOT, RODOS, MoLaRi, radiological monitoring services, the MARCUS constructive simulation environment and the Hazmat/CBRN tool system. The study identifies the educational role, principal inputs and outputs, and potential data-transfer relationships of these systems. The proposed architecture uses consequence-model outputs, monitoring information and geospatial data as structured inputs for dynamic simulation exercises. Its principal contribution is a platform-independent workflow connecting scenario generation, hazard assessment, operational decision-making and post-exercise evaluation. The framework provides a basis for establishing a hazardous materials incident management specialist cabinet, while its practical effectiveness requires subsequent validation through pilot exercises.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Flying Cheap, Hitting Hard: How Low-Cost Drones Are Rewriting Tactical Warfare in Ukraine]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0022</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Russo-Ukrainian conflict initiated in 2022 represents the first instance of large-scale use of low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a high-intensity interstate war. This article analyses how low-cost drones − including adapted commercial drones, First Person View (FPV) drones, and heavy multicopter platforms − have influenced the conduct of tactical operations, with a focus on reconnaissance and surveillance missions, artillery fire correction, direct strikes, and associated defensive adaptations. The integrating analytical framework combines the Cost-Exchange Ratio (CER) instrument for assessing financial asymmetry with the Tactical Network-Centric Warfare (T-NCW) model for understanding the restructuring of command-and-control logic at sub-unit level. Drawing on open-source analysis, security-institute reports, and recent academic literature, the article tests four working hypotheses concerning the enhancement of tactical observation capability, the specific vulnerabilities of low-cost platforms, the defensive adaptations generated, and the indicators of an emerging Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). The findings confirm all four hypotheses and support the thesis of an RMA in progress, driven by the proliferation of miniaturised and accessible aerial systems, while stopping short of validating a complete and irreversible transformation.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Impact of Asymmetric Warfare on the Protection of National Critical Electricity Infrastructure]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0029</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This study examines the evolution of warfare targeting from the Yugoslav conflicts to the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East within the electricity sector. The author highlights that attacks against electrical power networks are intended to break societal morale and paralyze state administration. The 2026 Middle East escalation is analyzed as a second empirical theater which, together with the Ukrainian record, provides cross-theater validation of the identified targeting patterns and of the underlying economic logic. The paper develops an original parametric cost model to quantify the economic asymmetry generated by low-cost drone technology, introducing three derived indicators: the Cost-Exchange Ratio, the Interception Economy Index, and the Resilience Break-Even Point. The model is extended probabilistically to establish a critical attack intensity threshold above which decentralized resilience investment becomes economically rational. The study further establishes that the emerging layer of directed energy weapons, while correcting the marginal engagement economy, does not correct the defender’s aggregate exposure, and that its availability is recursively dependent on the local power autonomy it is deployed to protect. The primary objective of this article is to contribute to the iterative development of national strategic resilience methodologies and defense protocols, while enhancing operational preparedness to mitigate the effects of asymmetric kinetic strikes and systemic cascading failures at critical infrastructure nodes through the integration of hybrid, mobile, and grid-independent power generation capabilities.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Gamification and Simulation in English Language Training for Military Personnel: Pedagogical Implications and Operational Relevance]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0030</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The increasing complexity of multinational military operations has generated a growing need for innovative instructional approaches capable of preparing military personnel for demanding communicative environments. Among these approaches, gamification and simulation-based learning have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to promote learner engagement, communicative competence, and operational readiness. This paper presents a literature-based conceptual analysis of the pedagogical potential of gamification and simulation in English language training for military personnel. Drawing upon research in applied linguistics, educational psychology, English for Specific Purposes, and military education, the paper examines the theoretical foundations of these approaches and discusses their applicability within military instructional contexts. Particular attention is devoted to the specific characteristics of military learners, institutional constraints, scenario-based learning, and the relationship between language instruction and operational communication. The discussion further considers the pedagogical implications of integrating gamification and simulation into military English programmes while acknowledging the practical challenges associated with their implementation. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research and emphasizing the need for continued pedagogical innovation in military language education.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Building a Culture of Feedback and Learning in Multinational Military Institutions]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0027</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This conceptual paper explores the way leadership, psychological safety, intercultural competence, and feedback culture intersect to support constructive learning in multinational military environments. Using a narrative review of the literature, this analysis develops an integrated conceptual framework explaining how these mutually reinforcing factors contribute to organisational learning. In multinational military environments, successful outcomes depend especially on leadership effectiveness that encourages trust, open communication, and continuous feedback across culturally diverse teams. Drawing on literature in organisational learning, leadership theory, psychological safety, and intercultural competence, this paper suggests that the proposed framework explains how leadership creates conditions for psychological safety; how intercultural competence strengthens interpersonal relationships, enhancing communication and collaboration; and how constructive feedback transforms individuals’ experiences into institutional knowledge. This study argues that organisational learning emerges from the interaction of these mutually reinforcing factors rather than from any single organisational practice. The proposed framework offers both a theoretical contribution by integrating previously fragmented perspectives and practical implications for leaders seeking to strengthen learning cultures within multinational military institutions.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Cyber Resilience Under Fire: OT Systems and Critical Infrastructure in the Russia-Ukraine War]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0028</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Russia-Ukraine war has provided an unprecedented opportunity to examine the effectiveness of cyber operations against critical infrastructure and operational technology (OT) systems during an active armed conflict. Prior to the invasion, many experts expected Russia to launch large-scale cyberattacks capable of causing strategic-level disruption to Ukrainian critical infrastructure. However, the practical impact of such operations proved significantly more limited than anticipated. This study examines the extent to which Russian cyber operations against Ukrainian critical infrastructure have produced direct cyber-physical effects at the OT layer and how their operational relevance has varied across different phases of the conflict. The research employs a qualitative design combining structured literature and document analysis, case-study analysis, and selected findings from the Digital Mohács 3.0 research project. The SANS ICS Cyber Kill Chain model is applied to distinguish incidents affecting conventional IT systems from operations progressing towards direct manipulation of industrial processes. The findings indicate that the vast majority of incidents affecting critical infrastructure remained at the conventional IT layer, while operations producing direct cyber-physical effects through specialised OT protocols and control logic were exceptional. The analysis further suggests that the conditions for complex OT-targeting operations are most favourable during hybrid confrontation and the initial phase of armed conflict, whereas their relative utility decreases during protracted conventional warfare. The study is limited by its reliance on publicly documented incidents, as classified, undisclosed, or unsuccessful operations cannot be systematically assessed. The findings underline the importance of protecting IT environments, maintaining effective IT–OT segmentation, and ensuring rapid incident-response capabilities as central components of critical-infrastructure resilience.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Contemporary Challenges in Teaching English to Military Personnel: Pedagogical Limitations and Strategic Adaptations]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0031</link>
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            <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the contemporary challenges associated with teaching English to military personnel in institutional training contexts. In recent decades, the role of English has expanded considerably, particularly within multinational operations, peacekeeping missions, and strategic cooperation frameworks such as NATO. Consequently, military learners are increasingly expected to develop not only general linguistic competence but also specialized communicative abilities suited to operational and high-pressure environments. The paper adopts a literature-based and pedagogically oriented approach, drawing on scholarship in applied linguistics, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), and military language education to examine the principal challenges affecting English language instruction in military settings. Particular attention is devoted to institutional constraints, learner characteristics, standardized assessment frameworks, and the adaptation of communicative and task-based pedagogies to military requirements. The discussion also considers the pedagogical implications of STANAG 6001, the potential effects of assessment-driven instruction, and the contribution of scenario-based learning to communicative competence. The paper concludes by outlining several directions for future research and pedagogical development while emphasizing the need for greater interdisciplinarity, methodological flexibility, and closer alignment between language instruction and operational communication.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
        </item>
        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Defeating Adversary A2/AD Systems Through the Synergistic Effects of Cross-Domain Fires]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0012</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[A2/AD systems cannot be countered through the action of a single operational domain or a single platform, but rather through the disruption of the adversary’s system-of-systems by means of synchronized cross-domain fires designed to generate systemic paralysis, operational shock, and “windows of superiority” that enable joint forces to regain freedom of maneuver. Based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodological design, this article highlights the quantification of the impact of multi-domain fires convergence on the effectiveness of engaging critical elements of A2/AD architectures, such as Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS), Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) complexes, and command-and-control (C2) centers. The results demonstrate that defeating A2/AD systems requires a conceptual transition from sequential engagement models toward dynamic joint kill-webs, supported by artificial intelligence-enabled targeting automation and resilient, collaborative command-and-control (C2) architectures.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Interoperability Through Language: English Training for Romanian Cadets in NATO Contexts]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0019</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Interoperability has become a defining operational necessity within contemporary NATO missions, where multinational cooperation depends not only on compatible technologies and procedures, but also on efficient linguistic communication. In this context, English acts as the primary working language of the Alliance, making language proficiency a strategic capability rather than a purely educational goal. The present paper thus examines the role of English language training in fostering interoperability among Romanian cadets preparing for participation in NATO-led operations. Drawing on NATO doctrinal frameworks, the STANAG 6001 language proficiency scale, and theoretical perspectives from English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and military pedagogy, the paper argues that effective language training must go beyond general linguistic competence and move towards operationally situated communication skills. The paper also discusses the specific challenges faced by Romanian military institutions, such as heterogeneous proficiency levels, institutional constraints, and the need to balance linguistic accuracy with communicative effectiveness in high-stakes environments. By emphasizing scenario-based instruction, intercultural communicative competence, and task-oriented learning, the paper proposes a pedagogical framework where language training actively contributes to operational readiness and multinational cohesion. Last but not least, the paper discusses English not just as a medium of instruction, but as a force multiplier essential to NATO interoperability and mission success.]]></description>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Trust-Breaker in Clinical Automation: A Socio-Technical Review of Human-Robot Interaction and System Abandonment in Nursing and Telemetry Ecosystems]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0017</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[The Fourth Industrial Revolution has integrated autonomous systems into high-stakes medical ecosystems, yet a critical adoption gap persists, driven by socio-technical failure rather than mechanical insufficiency. This paper introduces the “trust-breaker” framework to analyze why clinicians strategically abandon advanced robotics, such as Robot on Wheels (RoW) medication units and biomimetic telemetry drones. A trust-breaker is defined as a discrete moment of robotic unpredictability, ranging from operational path-planning errors to sensor-fusion desynchronization, that violates the supervisor’s mental model. This study posits that the Registered Nurse’s role has transitioned from a physical provider to a system supervisor, creating a supervisory paradox in which monitoring inconsistent, autonomous agents increases cognitive load beyond the demands of manual labor. When this load exceeds operator capacity, it triggers cognitive collapse, leading to the strategic abandonment of the system. From an engineering management perspective, this abandonment transforms significant capital investments into stranded assets with zero return on investment. The paper concludes by proposing a shift toward Industry 5.0 human-centricity, advocating for reflexive feedback loops, global compliance with data sovereignty, and a collaborative standard of care to foster trust-resilient clinical ecosystems.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Military Employment In Subsidiary Missions From The Perspective Of Disruptive Events]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0013</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Crises, emergencies, disasters, and other events that disrupt normal conditions produce social, economic, environmental, and health impacts and are classified as crises when they require exceptional measures in response to institutional or operational breakdowns. From the perspective of risk metaphors, such events are distinguished according to their predictability, visibility, and generative mechanisms. In this context, this article examines the employment of the Armed Forces in missions subsidiary to national defense, with emphasis on civil crises arising from disasters, by classifying the nature of these events in light of Disruptive Events Theory. The results indicate that framing events within the logics of the Black Swan, Pink Flamingo, and Dragon King operationalizes Disruptive Events Theory as an applied instrument to support decisions on the proportional employment of means according to the specific characteristics of each crisis.]]></description>
            <category>ARTICLE</category>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[The Influence of the Battlespace in Modern Military Conflict on the Security of States]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0014</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This article examines the impact of the evolving nature of the modern battlespace on state security, highlighting a shift that goes beyond tactical adaptation to a broader technological transformation. Since the beginning of the 21st century, armed conflicts have undergone significant changes, becoming more complex and multidimensional. By 2026, the battlespace has expanded from a purely physical domain to an integrated environment that includes cyberspace, the information sphere, and the space domain. Modern warfare is increasingly characterized by automation, transparency, and the extensive use of advanced technologies. Unmanned aerial vehicles play a critical role in reconnaissance, surveillance, and precision strikes, enabling real-time situational awareness without direct human presence. At the same time, artificial intelligence, networked communications systems, and cyber operations are reshaping the structure and dynamics of military engagements. Particular attention is paid to how the immediate proximity of a conflict zone affects political stability, economic security, migration processes and military strategy of states. The study notes that modern war zones are becoming a factor in destabilizing the international security system, affecting not only the countries involved in the conflict, but also neighboring states.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Reframing It Business Value for the Digital Era: A Multidimensional Narrative Synthesis]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0016</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This narrative literature review critically examines the evolving discourse surrounding information technology business value (ITBV) in the context of digitally transformed organizations. The review addresses the central research question: How can organizations more comprehensively conceptualize and measure the business value generated by information technology investments? Drawing upon contemporary scholarship, the study synthesizes two dominant paradigms within ITBV research: the systems approach, which emphasizes process-oriented and qualitative outcomes, and the accounting approach, which prioritizes quantifiable financial and market-based indicators. A structured narrative review methodology was employed using peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in databases including ABI/INFORM, EBSCO, Emerald Insight, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, JSTOR, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect. Articles were selected based on relevance to ITBV conceptualization, measurement frameworks, digital transformation, organizational capabilities, and strategic performance outcomes. The findings reveal that IT business value is multidimensional, context-dependent, and contingent upon complementarities between technological resources, organizational capabilities, and strategic alignment. The review further demonstrates that existing measurement approaches remain fragmented due to the separation between qualitative process-oriented perspectives and quantitative financial approaches. The synthesis suggests that future ITBV frameworks should integrate both tangible and intangible dimensions of value creation, including customer experience, organizational agility, innovation capability, and strategic adaptability.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Salutogenetic Oriented Military Physical Education: An Exemplary Implementation In The Training Of Future Military Leaders]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0011</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[Military physical education represents a fundamental component of the training process for military leaders, contributing not only to the development and maintenance of the physical capabilities necessary for fulfilling specific missions but also to the strengthening of psychological resilience, leadership skills, and an active, healthy lifestyle. Within this complex instructional-educational framework, the military physical education specialist plays a decisive role, being responsible for designing, organizing, and implementing the psychodidactic process within military educational institutions. The salutogenic approach, centered on identifying and capitalizing on the factors that generate and support health, provides a relevant theoretical framework for optimizing military physical education in the current context, characterized by increased operational and psychosocial demands. This article aims to analyze the theoretical foundations of military physical education from a salutogenic perspective and to propose a model for integrating this approach into the training of future military leaders. At the same time, it highlights the need to move beyond a strictly performance-based vision, emphasizing the importance of developing a motivational profile that supports the constant practice of physical activities and the awareness of their role in maintaining individual and collective health. The salutogenic approach thus emerges as a bridge between tradition and modernity in military education.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Fast Spectrogram-Based Method for Identifying Relative SNR Variations in Narrowband Signals]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0018</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a fast, agile, low-complexity method for tracking relative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variations directly from spectrogram representations of narrowband signals. The approach operates on complex spectrogram values and employs simple statistical estimators, namely the maximum and median across frequency bins, to estimate a peak to background contrast metric within each time window. The proposed technique does not require access to the original time-domain signal, making it suitable for applications where only time–frequency representations are available. The method is evaluated using synthetic sinusoidal and chirp signals corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise over a wide SNR range (0–100 dB). Experimental results show a strong linear relationship between the estimated SNR-related metric, expressed in dB, and the reference SNR (namely in the 10-60 dB range), with correlation coefficients close to unity and low variability across different signal parameters. The proposed metric should be interpreted as a relative spectrogram SNR indicator rather than a calibrated SNR estimate, making it particularly suitable for low complexity applications such as interference/spectrum monitoring and signal quality tracking in systems where only spectrogram data is available or where computational simplicity is important.]]></description>
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            <title><![CDATA[Operational Agility in Dual-Use Education: A Study of AI, Critical Thinking and Virtual Resource Management]]></title>
            <link>https://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/raft-2026-0020</link>
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            <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
            <description><![CDATA[This paper analysed the role of critical thinking and artificial intelligence in optimizing operational agility in the context of the use of emerging and disruptive dual-use technologies, from the perspective of civil and military technical education. The accelerated development of artificial intelligence, autonomous systems and digital infrastructures generated complex and uncertain operational environments, which exceed the limits of traditional decision-making models. The research had a qualitative exploratory-analytical approach, based on the analysis of the specialized literature. The comparative civil-military analysis highlighted the convergence of the skills necessary for the use of dual-use technologies in maintaining cognitive control over technologically assisted decisions. Operational agility should not depend exclusively on technology, but on its integration with advanced cognitive skills. Critical thinking supports the contextual interpretation of information, the management of technological risks and human responsibility in decisions with an impact on security. The paper proposes an integrative conceptual framework and strategic recommendations for educational policies and civil-military cooperation.]]></description>
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