The Implications of Using Stereotypes

Man, Gabriela-Maria

doi:10.2478/raft-2020-0040

Abstract

The term stereotype was first used around a century ago, but its meaning and implications are relevant today due to an increase in group diversity and interactions. Stereotypes are simplistic and generalized beliefs about group members that can have negative consequences. This article reviews some of the evidence relating to two of the most common implications of stereotypes; discrimination and changes in cognitive and physical performance related with stereotype threat. The findings from this article may be helpful for human resource (HR) specialists, professors, health related specialists and those engaged in evaluation activities.

References

Allison, C., Redhead, E. S., & Chan, W. (2017). Interaction of task difficulty and gender stereotype threat with a spatial orientation task in a virtual nested environment. Learning and Motivation, 57, 22-35. doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2017.01.005.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Armstrong, B., Gallant, S. N., Li, L., Patel, K., & Wong, B. I. (2017). Stereotype threat effects on older adults’ episodic and working memory: A meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 57(suppl_2), S193–S205. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnx056.28854607
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Aronson, J., Lustina, M. J., Good, C., Keough, K., Steele, C. M., & Brown, J. (1999). When white men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 29-46. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1998.1371.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bell, A. E., Spencer, S. J., Iserman, E., & Logel, C. E. R. (2003). Stereotype threat and women’s performance in engineering. Journal of Engineering Education, 92(4), 307-312. doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2003.tb00774.x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Blaine, B. E., & McClure Brenchley, K. J. (2016). Understanding the psychology of diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bodner, E. (2009). On the origins of ageism among older and younger adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(06), 1003-1014. doi: 10.1017/s104161020999055x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Boutwell, B. B., Nedelec, J. L., Winegard, B., Shackelford, T., Beaver, K. M., Vaughn, … Wright, J. P. (2017). The prevalence of discrimination across racial groups in contemporary America: Results from a nationally representative sample of adults. PloS One, 12(8), e0183356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183356.10.1371/journal.pone.0183356557036128837680
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Casad, B. J., & Bryant, W. J. (2016). Addressing stereotype threat is critical to diversity and inclusion in organizational psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00008.471898726834681
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chalabaev, A., Sarrazin, P., Stone, J., & Cury, F. (2008). Do achievement goals mediate stereotype threat? An investigation on females’ soccer performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Human Kinetics, 30, 143-158.10.1123/jsep.30.2.14318490787
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Davidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, & P. Glick, & V. M. Esse (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 3-28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications10.4135/9781446200919.n1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Deshayes, M., Zory, R., Seitchik, A. E., Chalabaev, A., & Clement-Guillotin, C. (2019). Can stereotype threat increase women’s performance? The case of a fatiguing task. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000190.10.1037/spy0000190
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ensher, E., Grant-Vallone, E., & Donaldson, S. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12, 53-72. 10.1002/1532-1096(200101/02)12:13.0.CO;2-G.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., Dimas, J. M., Bachen, E. A., Pasch, L. A., & de Groat, C. L. (2008). Perceived discrimination, perceived stress, and mental and physical health among mexican-origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 30(4), 401-424.10.1177/0739986308323056
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.10910.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hirnstein, M., Coloma Andrews, L., & Hausmann, M. (2014). Gender-stereotyping and cognitive sex differences in mixed- and same-sex groups. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1663-1673. doi: 10.1007/s10508-014-0311-5.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hively, K., & El-Alayli, A. (2014). You throw like a girl: The effect of stereotype threat on women’s athletic performance and gender stereotypes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 48-55. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.001.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Horton, S., Baker, J., Pearce, W., & Deakin, J. M. (2010). Immunity to popular stereotypes of aging? Seniors and stereotype threat. Educational Gerontology, 36(5), 353-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601270903323976.10.1080/03601270903323976
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2005). Stereotype threat in men on a test of social sensitivity. Sex Roles, 52(7-8), 489-496. doi: 10.1007/s11199-005-3714-x.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marchand, G. C., & Taasoobshirazi, G. (2013). Stereotype threat and women’s performance in physics. International Journal of Science Education, 35(18), 3050-3061. doi: 10.1080/09500693.2012.683461.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Marsh, A., & Sahin-Dikmen, M. (2003). Discrimination in Europe. (Raport 57.0). European Commission website, available at: https://ec.europa.eu, accessed on 18 September 2020.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Min, J.-Y., Park, S.-G., Kim, S.-S., & Min, K.-B. (2013). Workplace injustice and selfreported disease and absenteeism in South Korea. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57(1), 87-96. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22233.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2019). International migration outlook 2019, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/c3e35eec-en, accessed on 18 September 2020.10.1787/c3e35eec-en
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531-554.10.1037/a0016059
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Picho, K., Rodriguez, A., & Finnie, L. (2013). Exploring the moderating role of context on the mathematics performance of females under stereotype threat: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(3), 299-333. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2012.737380.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saxena, A. (2014). Workforce diversity: A key to improve productivity. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11(1), 76-85. doi: 10.1016/s2212-5671(14)00178-6.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sekaquaptewa, D., & Thompson, M. (2003). Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women’s performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 68-74.10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00508-5
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Spencer, S. J., Logel, C., & Davies, P. G. (2016). Stereotype Threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), 415-437. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235.26361054
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Swift, H. J., Lamont, R. A., Abrams, D. (2012). Are they half as strong as they used to be? An experiment testing whether age-related social comparisons impair older people’s hand grip strength and persistence. BMJ Open, 2(3), 1-6.10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001064336445222619267
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Von Hippel, C., Kalokerinos, E. K., & Henry, J. D. (2013). Stereotype threat among older employees: Relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging, 28(1), 17-27. doi: 10.1037/a0029825.22924658
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Von Hippel, C., Sekaquaptewa, D., & McFarlane, M. (2015). Stereotype threat among women in finance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(3), 405-414. doi: 10.1177/0361684315574501.
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Voss, P., Bodner, E., & Rothermund, K. (2018). Ageism: the relationship between age stereotypes and age discrimination. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.) Contemporary perspectives on ageism (pp. 11-32). Cham: Springer.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

The Implications of Using Stereotypes

Abstract

Paradigm

My account