Variability of Water Exchange in the Hyporheic Zone of a Lowland River in Poland Based on Gradientometric Studies

Marciniak, Marek; Ziułkiewicz, Maciej; Górecki, Michał

doi:10.2478/quageo-2022-0030

Figures & Tables

Location of measuring stations.1 – the river bed before the excavation; 2 – contemporary river bed; 3 – IMWM water gauge station (IMWM - Institute of Meteorology and Water Management); 4 – well; 5 – measuring cross-section; 6 – hypsometric section line (ortophotomap: Google Earth Pro).

Water level measured in the gauging station of the IMWM in Gieczno during the 2017–2018 hydrological year. Red dots – days of taking measurements. IMWM – Institute of Meteorology and Water Management.

Changes in the state groundwater and state of Moszczenica levels at the water gauge in Gieczno.

Construction of a gradientmeter. 1 – screen, 2 – piezometer embedded into bottom sediments, 3 – pressure ring, 4 – bracket, 5 – hose to piezometer, 6 – piezometer measuring tube, 7 – measuring tube for surface waters, 8 – valve, 9 – hose submerged in surface waters.

Grain size analysis of bottom sediments of the Moszczenica River.

Place of measurements of the hydraulic gradient on the straight section of the Moszczenica River (the arrow shows the direction of the river flow).

Fig. 7

Hypsometric profile of the area in the bottom part of the Moszczenica valley between Wypychów and Gieczno (Fig. 1C). Based on the digital elevation model of the Geoportal of the Łódzkie Voivodship.

Changeability of the hydraulic gradient in the Moszczenica River hyporheic zone during different flow conditions.

Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during low water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.

Hydraulic gradient changeability in the river bottom during high water stage. A – Spatial distribution of water depth, B – Spatial distribution of hydraulic gradient.

A – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of downwelling, B – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the transition zone between the dominant downwelling and upwelling, C – Variability of hydraulic gradient in cross-sections along the Moszczenica river bed in the section with a predominance of upwelling.

Changes in the water flow rate in the Moszczenica River along the downwelling section.

Hydrological variation in the Moszczenica catchment (based on Jokiel 2004)_

Section of Moszczenica	Total runoff	Groundwater runoff	Share of groundwater runoff in the total runoff	Specific total runoff	Specific groundwater runoff	Share of specific groundwater runoff in the specific total runoff
Section of Moszczenica	[dm³ · s⁻¹ · km⁻²]		[%]	[dm³ · s⁻¹ · km⁻²]		[%]
Upper	4–5	3–4	60–70	6.1–7.0	3.6–4.0	>60
Middle	4–5	2–3	50–60	5.1–6.0	3.1–3.5	56–60
Lower	3–4	<2	40–50	4.1–5.0	2.6–3.0	51–55

Characteristic water level and flow of the Moszczenica River measured in the gauging station in Gieczno in 1971–1990 (after Szczepański 1995)_

Water level [cm]
Extremely high stage	316
Extremely low stage	120
Flow [m³ · s⁻¹]
Extremely high flow	9.42
Medium high flow	4.72
Medium mean flow	0.92
Medium low flow	0.29
Extremely low flow	0.17

Water levels in the riverbed, water table in observation wells and hydraulic gradients in the Moszczenica bottom in upwelling zones_

Date	H_r	No. 6	No. 3	ΔL [m]	875	ΔR [m]	432
	H_r	No. 6	No. 3	Δ (No. 6 – H_r)	Grad L	Δ (No. 3 – H_r)	Grad R
	[m a.s.l.]			[m]	[−]	[m]	[−]
Oct-15	114.94	116.78	115.95	1.84	0.0021	1.01	0.0023
Nov-15	114.96	116.88	115.87	1.92	0.0022	0.91	0.0021
Dec-15	114.99	117.16	116.10	2.18	0.0025	1.12	0.0026
Jan-16	115.09	117.20	116.07	2.11	0.0024	0.98	0.0023
Feb-16	115.01	117.26	116.13	2.25	0.0026	1.12	0.0026
Apr-16	115.08	117.70	116.43	2.62	0.0030	1.35	0.0031
May-16	114.94	117.30	116.33	2.36	0.0027	1.39	0.0032
Jun-16	114.91	117.50	116.27	2.59	0.0030	1.36	0.0031
Jul-16	114.92	117.10	116.17	2.18	0.0025	1.25	0.0029
Aug-16	114.89	117.20	116.10	2.31	0.0026	1.21	0.0028
Sep-16	114.87	117.15	115.77	2.28	0.0026	0.90	0.0021
Oct-16	114.98	117.20	116.12	2.22	0.0025	1.15	0.0027
Nov-16	115.15	117.28	116.40	2.13	0.0024	1.25	0.0029
Feb-17	115.30	117.50	116.61	2.21	0.0025	1.32	0.0030
Apr-17	115.00	117.26	116.72	2.26	0.0026	1.72	0.0040
May-17	114.94	117.10	116.94	2.16	0.0025	2.00	0.0046
Jun-17	114.88	117.00	116.79	2.13	0.0024	1.92	0.0044
Jul-17	114.91	117.08	116.70	2.17	0.0025	1.79	0.0041
Sep-17	115.13	117.20	116.94	2.07	0.0024	1.81	0.0042
Oct-17	115.12	117.15	117.00	2.03	0.0023	1.88	0.0044
Dec-17	115.17	117.35	116.65	2.18	0.0025	1.48	0.0034
Jan-18	115.20	117.60	116.72	2.40	0.0027	1.52	0.0035
Feb-18	115.08	117.60	116.52	2.52	0.0029	1.44	0.0033
Apr-18	114.98	117.53	116.58	2.55	0.0029	1.60	0.0037
Jun-18	114.89	117.48	116.60	2.59	0.0030	1.71	0.0040
Jul-18	114.93	117.40	116.57	2.47	0.0028	1.64	0.0038
Oct-18	115.00	117.63	116.66	2.63	0.0030	1.66	0.0038
Nov-18	114.97	117.71	116.64	2.74	0.0031	1.67	0.0039
Dec-18	115.02	117.75	116.70	2.73	0.0031	1.68	0.0039
					0.0026	grad_av	0.0033

Results of the water flow rate measurement in the canal of the Moszczenica_

Canal	Distance	Flow	Comments
Canal	[m]	[m³ · s⁻¹]	Comments
P1	0	1.1747
P2	92	1.0654	In front of the ditch
P3	88	1.1795	Behind the pond
P4	80	1.2264

Granulometric and hydraulic characteristics of the Moszczenica riverbed sediments_

Parameters	P1		P4		P9
Fractions
Gravel % (10–2 mm)	5.70	1.26	24.45	2.64	49.37	0.46
Sand % (2–0.1 mm)	85.78	65.48	77.43	76.29	44.06	34.30
Silt % (0.1–0.01 mm)	8.43	29.95	6.14	20.72	6.36	62.76
Loam % (< 0.01 mm)	0.09	3.30	2.13	0.35	0.22	2.48
Equivalent grain diameters and grain distribution unevenness index
d₁₀ [mm]	0.055	0.013	0.088	0.023	0.079	0.013
d₂₀ [mm]	0.086	0.024	0.130	0.048	0.140	0.016
d₆₀ [mm]	0.210	0.120	0.370	0.140	2.300	0.044
Hydraulic conductivity
U	3.82	9.23	4.21	6.09	29.11	3.39
k₁₀ [m · s⁻¹]	1.28 · 10⁻³	6.77 · 10⁻⁵	3.30 · 10⁻³	3.34 · 10⁻⁴	3.91 · 10⁻³	2.67 · 10⁻⁵

Analysis of the hydraulic gradient results in the Moszczenica bottom at different water levels_

Parameter	Low water level		High water level
	A B C D E		A C E
	Upwelling	Downwelling	Upwelling	Downwelling
Maximum	0.075	−0.000	0.030	−0.000
Minimum	0.000	−0.015	0.000	−0.110
Average	0.016	−0.008	0.018	−0.027
Median	0.010	−0.005	0.025	−0.025
Number	27	6	3	18
Share	81.8%	18.2%	14.3%	85.7%

Statistical analysis of the results of the hydraulic gradient research in the bottom of the Moszczenica for the canal, transitional zone and the natural riverbed_

Parameter	Artificial canal		Transition zone		Natural riverbed		Together
	P1–P5		P6–P8		P9–P13		P1–P13
	Upwelling	Downwelling	Upwelling	Downwelling	Upwelling	Downwelling	Upwelling	Downwelling
Maximum	0.005	−0.000	0.045	−0.000	0.055	−0.000	0.055	−0.000
Minimum	0.000	−0.085	0.000	−0.040	0.000	−0.065	0.000	−0.085
Average	0.003	−0.029	0.018	−0.025	0.023	−0.023	0.019	−0.027
Median	0.005	−0.020	0.020	−0.030	0.023	−0.015	0.018	−0.020
Number	3	15	7	4	12	5	22	24
Share [%]	16.7	83.3	63.6	36.4	70.6	29.4	47.8	52.2

Variability of Water Exchange in the Hyporheic Zone of a Lowland River in Poland Based on Gradientometric Studies

Figures & Tables

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Hydrological variation in the Moszczenica catchment (based on Jokiel 2004)_

Characteristic water level and flow of the Moszczenica River measured in the gauging station in Gieczno in 1971–1990 (after Szczepański 1995)_

Water levels in the riverbed, water table in observation wells and hydraulic gradients in the Moszczenica bottom in upwelling zones_

Results of the water flow rate measurement in the canal of the Moszczenica_

Granulometric and hydraulic characteristics of the Moszczenica riverbed sediments_

Analysis of the hydraulic gradient results in the Moszczenica bottom at different water levels_

Statistical analysis of the results of the hydraulic gradient research in the bottom of the Moszczenica for the canal, transitional zone and the natural riverbed_

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