Modelling the Obstacles to using Bicycle Sharing Systems in the Tehran Metropolis: A Structural Analysis

Akbari, Majid; Zarghamfard, Moslem; Hajisharifi, Arezoo; Amir Entekhabi, Shahram; Goodarzipour, Sadrallah

doi:10.2478/quageo-2022-0011

Figures & Tables

Bicycle routes and stations in Tehran.Source: own study.

MICMAC diagram of obstacles to the use of BSSs in the metropolis of Tehran.BSSs – bicycle sharing systemsSource: research findings.

Initial reachability matrix_

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0
C2	1	^*	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
C3	0	0	^*	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
C4	1	1	1	^*	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C5	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
C6	0	0	0	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C7	1	1	0	0	1	1	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
C8	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C9	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	^*	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C10	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	^*	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C11	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
C12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	^*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C13	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	1	1	0	0	0
C14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	^*	1	1	0	0	0
C15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	0	1
C16	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	^*	0	0	0
C17	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0
C18	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	^*	1
C19	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	^*

Partition of reachability matrix_

Elements	Reachability set	Antecedent set	Intersection set	Level
C1	C3, C5, C6, C9, C14, C17, C18	C2, C4, C5, C7, C8, C9, C10, C13, C14, C16, C17, C18	C5, C9, C14, C17, C18	7
C2	C1, C3, C4, C5, C6, C14, C17	C4, C5, C7, C8, C9, C10, C13, C14, C16, C18	C4, C5, C14	7
C3	C5, C6, C13, C14	C1, C2, C4, C5, C8, C13, C14, C17	C5, C13, C14	4
C4	C1, C2, C3, C10, C14	C2, C5, C8, C9, C10, C13, C14, C17, C18	C2, C10, C14	5
C5	C1, C2, C3, C4, C6, C8, C9, C10, C13, C14, C16	C1, C2, C3, C7, C8, C9, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18	C1, C2, C3, C8, C9, C13, C14, C16	11
C6	C9, C11, C14	C1, C2, C3, C5, C7, C9, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19	C9, C11, C14	3
C7	C1, C2, C5, C6, C10, C12, C14, C15, C16	C14, C17	C14	9
C8	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C11, C12, C14	C5, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17	C5, C11, C12, C14	8
C9	C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C10, C14	C1, C5, C6, C10, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18	C1, C5, C6, C10, C14	7
C10	C1, C2, C4, C9, C12, C14	C4, C5, C7, C9, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17	C4, C9, C12, C14	6
C11	C6, C8, C14, C19	C6, C8, C13, C14, C15, C17	C6, C8, C14	4
C12	C6, C8, C10, C14	C7, C8, C10, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17	C8, C10, C14	4
C13	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C14, C15, C16	C3, C5, C15, C16, C17	C3, C5, C15, C16	14
C14	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C15, C16	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C15, C17	C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C15	14
C15	C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16, C19	C7, C13, C14, C16, C17, C18	C13, C14, C16	11
C16	C1, C2, C5, C6, C8, C9, C10, C12, C13, C15	C5, C7, C13, C14, C15, C17, C18	C5, C13, C15	10
C17	C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C18, C19	C1, C2	C1	16
C18	C1, C2, C4, C5, C6, C9, C15, C16, C19	C1, C17, C19	C1, C19	9
C19	C6, C18	C11, C15, C18	C18	2

Initial identified barriers_

Elements	Definition of elements	References or bibliography
C1	More travel expenses for people (3,000 tomans per hour)	Field studies and interview with users
C2	High cost of deposit and insurance	Field studies and interview with users
C3	Expensiveness to low-income strata	Interview with experts
C4	Non-refundability of deposit	Field studies and interview with users
C5	Lack of special bicycle route	Field studies and interview with users
C6	Recreational feature of shared bicycling rather than being public transport vehicle	Interview with experts
C7	Physical obstacles (topography and sharp slopes, highways)	Field studies and interview with users
C8	Low level of standard and quality of bicycles	Field studies and interview with users
C9	Lack of bicycles in parking	Field studies and interview with users
C10	Shortage in bicycle stations across the city	Field studies and interview with users
C11	Software problems including not sending messages to users when not having enough bicycles	Field studies and interview with users
C12	Bicycle routes being more symbolic rather than being practical	Interview with experts
C13	Low level of culturalisation and education	Interview with experts
C14	Non-use of citizens’ participatory capacities	Interview with experts
C15	Lack of supportive and service-making system	Field studies and interview with users
C16	Non-existence of integrative network of bicycle lanes	Field studies
C17	Financial resource problems and lack of integration in urban management	Field studies
C18	Weather pollution	Field studies
C19	Lack of bicycle reservation system	Field studies

Structural self-interactive matrix_

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	A	V	A	X	V	A	A	X	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	X	X	O
C2		^*	V	X	X	V	A	A	A	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	V	A	O
C3			^*	A	X	V	O	A	O	O	O	O	X	X	O	O	A	O	O
C4				^*	A	O	O	A	A	X	O	O	A	X	O	O	A	A	O
C5					^*	V	A	X	X	V	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	O
C6						^*	A	O	X	O	X	A	A	X	A	A	A	A	A
C7							^*	O	O	V	O	V	O	X	V	V	A	O	O
C8								^*	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C9									^*	X	O	O	A	X	A	A	A	A	O
C10										^*	O	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C11											^*	O	A	X	A	O	A	O	V
C12												^*	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C13													^*	V	X	X	A	O	O
C14														^*	X	V	A	O	O
C15															^*	X	A	A	V
C16																^*	A	A	O
C17																	^*	V	O
C18																		^*	X
C19																			^*

Final reachability matrix_

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19	Driver power
C1	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	7
C2	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	7
C3	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	4
C4	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	5
C5	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	11
C6	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	3
C7	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	9
C8	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	8
C9	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	7
C10	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	6
C11	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	4
C12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	4
C13	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	14
C14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	14
C15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	11
C16	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	10
C17	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	16
C18	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	9
C19	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	2
Dependence power	12	10	8	9	12	15	2	8	10	10	6	8	5	15	6	7	2	3	3	–

Modelling the Obstacles to using Bicycle Sharing Systems in the Tehran Metropolis: A Structural Analysis

Figures & Tables

Fig 1

Fig 2

Initial reachability matrix_

Partition of reachability matrix_

Initial identified barriers_

Structural self-interactive matrix_

Final reachability matrix_

Paradigm

My account

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0
C2	1	^*	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
C3	0	0	^*	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
C4	1	1	1	^*	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C5	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
C6	0	0	0	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C7	1	1	0	0	1	1	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
C8	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C9	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	^*	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C10	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	^*	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C11	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
C12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	^*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C13	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	1	1	0	0	0
C14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	^*	1	1	0	0	0
C15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	0	1
C16	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	^*	0	0	0
C17	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0
C18	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	^*	1
C19	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	^*

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	A	V	A	X	V	A	A	X	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	X	X	O
C2		^*	V	X	X	V	A	A	A	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	V	A	O
C3			^*	A	X	V	O	A	O	O	O	O	X	X	O	O	A	O	O
C4				^*	A	O	O	A	A	X	O	O	A	X	O	O	A	A	O
C5					^*	V	A	X	X	V	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	O
C6						^*	A	O	X	O	X	A	A	X	A	A	A	A	A
C7							^*	O	O	V	O	V	O	X	V	V	A	O	O
C8								^*	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C9									^*	X	O	O	A	X	A	A	A	A	O
C10										^*	O	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C11											^*	O	A	X	A	O	A	O	V
C12												^*	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C13													^*	V	X	X	A	O	O
C14														^*	X	V	A	O	O
C15															^*	X	A	A	V
C16																^*	A	A	O
C17																	^*	V	O
C18																		^*	X
C19																			^*

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0
C2	1	^*	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
C3	0	0	^*	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
C4	1	1	1	^*	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C5	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
C6	0	0	0	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C7	1	1	0	0	1	1	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
C8	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C9	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	^*	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C10	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	^*	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C11	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
C12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	^*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C13	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	1	1	0	0	0
C14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	^*	1	1	0	0	0
C15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	0	1
C16	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	^*	0	0	0
C17	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0
C18	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	^*	1
C19	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	^*

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	A	V	A	X	V	A	A	X	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	X	X	O
C2		^*	V	X	X	V	A	A	A	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	V	A	O
C3			^*	A	X	V	O	A	O	O	O	O	X	X	O	O	A	O	O
C4				^*	A	O	O	A	A	X	O	O	A	X	O	O	A	A	O
C5					^*	V	A	X	X	V	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	O
C6						^*	A	O	X	O	X	A	A	X	A	A	A	A	A
C7							^*	O	O	V	O	V	O	X	V	V	A	O	O
C8								^*	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C9									^*	X	O	O	A	X	A	A	A	A	O
C10										^*	O	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C11											^*	O	A	X	A	O	A	O	V
C12												^*	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C13													^*	V	X	X	A	O	O
C14														^*	X	V	A	O	O
C15															^*	X	A	A	V
C16																^*	A	A	O
C17																	^*	V	O
C18																		^*	X
C19																			^*

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0
C2	1	^*	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
C3	0	0	^*	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0
C4	1	1	1	^*	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C5	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0
C6	0	0	0	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C7	1	1	0	0	1	1	^*	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0
C8	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C9	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	^*	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C10	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	^*	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C11	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	^*	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
C12	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	^*	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
C13	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	1	1	0	0	0
C14	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	^*	1	1	0	0	0
C15	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0	0	1
C16	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	^*	0	0	0
C17	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	^*	1	0
C18	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	^*	1
C19	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	^*

JI	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19
C1	^*	A	V	A	X	V	A	A	X	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	X	X	O
C2		^*	V	X	X	V	A	A	A	A	O	O	A	X	O	A	V	A	O
C3			^*	A	X	V	O	A	O	O	O	O	X	X	O	O	A	O	O
C4				^*	A	O	O	A	A	X	O	O	A	X	O	O	A	A	O
C5					^*	V	A	X	X	V	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	O
C6						^*	A	O	X	O	X	A	A	X	A	A	A	A	A
C7							^*	O	O	V	O	V	O	X	V	V	A	O	O
C8								^*	O	O	X	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C9									^*	X	O	O	A	X	A	A	A	A	O
C10										^*	O	X	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C11											^*	O	A	X	A	O	A	O	V
C12												^*	A	X	A	A	A	O	O
C13													^*	V	X	X	A	O	O
C14														^*	X	V	A	O	O
C15															^*	X	A	A	V
C16																^*	A	A	O
C17																	^*	V	O
C18																		^*	X
C19																			^*