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Ground Temperature Variability in Poznań (2011–2020) Cover

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Ground Temperature Variability in Poznań (2011–2020)

Quaestiones Geographicae

Volume 41 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

By: Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta

Open Access

|Mar 2022

Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

The course of the average annual – (A) and seasonal – (B) values of air temperature in Poznań in years 2011–2020 with the annual trend line.

Table 1

The average annual values of chosen meteorological elements in Poznań in years 2011–2020.

Year	Cloudiness [%]	Precipitation [mm]	Snow cover [cm]	Insolation [h]	Relative humidity [%]	Vapour pressure deficit [hPa]
2011	60	475	6	2030	76	9.6
2012	65	664	174	1900	79	10.0
2013	68	595	632	1721	78	9.7
2014	66	558	28	1962	77	10.2
2015	63	438	19	2036	72	9.1
2016	67	608	47	1823	76	9.7
2017	71	668	41	1739	77	9.8
2018	60	373	34	2225	71	9.6
2019	65	393	26	2040	73	9.9
2020	65	492	0	1518	73	9.7
Mean	65	526	101	1613	75	9.7

Table 2

Average monthly, seasonal and annual soil temperature [°C] at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Months	Depth [cm]
Months	5	10	20	50	100
I	0.3	0.7	1.0	1.7	3.0
II	0.6	0.9	0.9	1.2	2.2
III	4.3	4.8	4.4	3.9	3.8
IV	10.8	11.5	10.6	9.3	8.1
V	16.7	17.6	16.6	14.9	13.1
VI	21.3	22.1	21.1	19.4	17.5
VII	22.3	23.2	22.3	20.9	19.4
VIII	22.2	23.1	22.5	21.4	20.4
IX	16.5	17.4	17.2	17.1	17.4
X	10.4	11.1	11.1	11.6	12.7
XI	5.4	5.8	6.1	6.9	8.4
XII	2.2	2.5	2.8	3.4	4.8
Spring	10.6	11.3	10.5	9.3	8.3
Summer	21.9	22.8	22.0	20.6	19.1
Autumn	11.0	11.6	11.7	12.1	13.0
Winter	1.0	1.4	1.5	2.1	3.3
Mean	11.2	11.9	11.5	11.1	11.0

Annual distribution of soil temperature at different depths in Poznań in the years 2011–2020.

Table 3

The standard deviation of monthly average soil temperature [°C] at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Months	Depth [cm]
Months	5	10	20	50	100
I	2.8	2.4	2.0	1.4	1.0
II	3.7	3.2	2.7	2.0	1.3
III	4.7	4.1	3.3	2.5	1.9
IV	6.1	5.3	4.2	3.0	2.3
V	6.2	5.3	4.1	2.8	2.0
VI	6.3	5.1	3.8	2.2	1.7
VII	5.7	4.7	3.5	2.0	1.3
VIII	5.9	4.8	3.5	2.0	1.4
IX	5.4	4.6	3.5	2.4	1.7
X	4.3	3.8	3.0	2.2	1.7
XI	3.2	2.9	2.5	1.9	1.5
XII	2.6	2.3	1.9	1.3	1.0

Table 4

Average monthly, seasonal and annual values of the thermal gradient [°C · cm⁻¹] in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Months	Soil level [cm]
Months	5–10	10–20	20–50	50–100
I	0.08↓	0.03↓	0.03↓	0.03↓
II	0.07↓	0.00↓	0.01↓	0.02↓
III	0.10↓	−0.04↑	−0.02↑	0.00↓
IV	0.14↓	−0.08↑	−0.05↑	−0.02↑
V	0.17↓	−0.10↑	−0.06↑	−0.04↑
VI	0.16↓	−0.10↑	−0.06↑	−0.04↑
VII	0.18↓	−0.08↑	−0.05↑	−0.03↑
VIII	0.19↓	−0.06↑	−0.04↑	−0.02↑
IX	0.18↓	−0.02↑	0.00↓	0.01↓
X	0.13↓	0.01↓	0.02↓	0.02↓
XI	0.09↓	0.02↓	0.03↓	0.03↓
XII	0.07↓	0.02↓	0.02↓	0.03↓
Spring	0.14↓	−0.07↑	−0.04↑	−0.02↑
Summer	0.18↓	−0.08↑	−0.05↑	−0.03↑
Autumn	0.13↓	0.004↓	0.01↓	0.02↓
Winter	0.07↓	0.02↓	0.02↓	0.02↓
Mean	0.13↓	−0.03↑	−0.01↑	0.003↓

Table 5

Values of the 1st empirical percentile of daily mean soil temperature (°C) at various depths in Poznań during the period November–March (2011–2020).

Months	Depth [cm]
Months	5	10	20	50	100
I	−1.7	−0.9	−0.3	0.7	2.1
II	−0.6	−0.3	−0.1	0.7	2.0
III	1.5	2.0	1.8	1.8	2.4
XI	1.8	2.3	2.9	4.3	6.3
XII	0.6	1.0	1.5	2.6	4.2

Table 6

Mean annual number of days with soil temperature <0°C and >5°C at various depths in Poznań (2011–2020).

Temperature [°C]	Depth [cm]
Temperature [°C]	5	10	20	50	100
≤0	19	7	5	0	0
≥5	243	246	246	249	258

Table 7

Average start and end dates and the length of the particular periods with temperature thresholds at various depths in Poznań (2011–2020).

Temperature threshold [°C]	Depth [cm]
	5			10			20			50			100
	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)	Start date	End date	Length (days)
>0	14.02	20.01	341	27.01	21.01	360	27.01	22.01	361	–	–	365	–	–	365
>2.5	3.03	11.12	279	27.02	14.12	286	1.03	18.12	286	1.03	31.12	295	2.02	13.01	345
>5	19.03	18.11	245	17.03	21.11	250	19.03	23.11	250	22.03	30.11	254	25.03	13.12	264
>6	24.03	9.11	231	21.03	12.11	237	24.03	16.11	238	28.03	22.11	240	1.04	4.12	248
>8	2.04	28.10	210	30.03	1.11	217	2.04	2.11	215	8.04	6.11	213	15.04	18.11	218
>10	11.04	17.10	190	8.04	20.10	196	12.04	21.10	193	20.04	24.10	188	28.04	2.11	189
>12	22.04	6.10	168	19.04	10.10	175	23.04	10.10	171	1.05	12.10	165	9.05	19.10	164
>15	7.05	21.09	138	3.05	25.09	146	8.05	25.09	141	17.05	26.09	133	29.05	29.09	124

Table 8

The sum of air temperature and soil temperatures (°C) at various depths in Poznań in years 2011–2020.

Temperature threshold [°C]	Height 200 cm a.g.l.	Depth [cm]
Temperature threshold [°C]	Height 200 cm a.g.l.	5	10	20	50	100
>5	3641	3852	4069	3933	3736	3595
>6	3482	3792	4019	3860	3653	3551
>8	3400	3644	3849	3724	3532	3370
>10	3281	3469	3694	3528	3322	3161
>12	3026	3229	3426	3293	3041	2864
>15	2812	2773	3024	2836	2537	2371

Table 9

Average values of soil temperature [°C] during the day at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Depth [cm]	Hours
Depth [cm]	0 UTC	6 UTC	12 UTC	18 UTC
5	8.7	8.9	15.6	11.7
10	NA	9.1	14.0	12.5
20	NA	9.8	12.1	12.7
50	NA	11.11	10.9	11.4
100	NA	NA	11.0	NA

[i] NA – not available.

Table 10

Values of absolute ground temperature extremes [°C] at various depths and dates of their occurrence in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Depth [cm]	6 UTC		12 UTC		18 UTC
Depth [cm]	MIN	MAX	MIN	MAX	MIN	MAX
5	−12.2	28.6	−8.2	44.0	−10.41	34.8
5	6.12.2012	12.6.2019	7.2.2012	26.6.2019	6.2.12	26.6.2019
10	−11.0	26.1	−8.4	36.0	−9.4	33.6
10	6.12.2012	10.8.2018	6.2.2012	1.8.2018	6.2.12	26.6.2019
20	−9.4	27.1	−8.6	30.5	−7.8	32.2
20	6.12.2012	10.8.2018	6.2.2012	1.8.2018	6.2.12	1.8.2018
50	−5.2	26.8	−5.5	26.3	−5.1	26.9
50	7.12.2012	10.8.2018	7.2.2012	10.8.2018	7.2.12	3.8.2018
100	NA	NA	−0.0	23.9	NA	NA
100	NA	NA	12.2.2012	10.8.2018	NA	NA

The course of the temperature for individual soil levels in Poznań in the years 2011–2020 with the trend line.

Table 11

The correlation coefficient of the soil temperature at particular depths and selected meteorological elements in Poznań in 2011–2020.

Meteorological element	Depth [cm]
Meteorological element	5	10	20	50	100
Air temperature (2 m a.g.l.)	0.96	0.81	0.78	0.73	0.421
Cloudiness	−0.17	−0.08	−0.08	−0.06	0.031
Insolation	0.54	0.60	0.56	0.52	0.441
Snow cover	−0.12	−0.10	−0.09	−0.08	−0.041
Humidity	−0.60	−0.62	−0.56	−0.47	−0.451
Precipitation	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	−0.004
Vapor pressure deficit	0.79	0.77	0.71	0.62	0.531

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2022-0005 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103 (formerly 0137-477X)

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Language: English

Page range: 63 - 77

Submitted on: Dec 31, 2021

|

Published on: Mar 9, 2022

Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

ground temperature,

agroclimatology,

Related subjects:

© 2022 Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 41 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

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