Fig. 1
Location of the SSEC area. Red polygons limit areas of high vulnerability; cyan markers show localities of six water sample collection points (3 in Santos (ST1-3) and 3 in São Vicente (SV1-3)); orange lines represent artificial drainage canals; yellow markers define natural channels entry to the estuary in the municipalities of Santos (ST) and São Vicente (SV).
Source: Google Earth, adapted by the author, 2018.
SSEC – Santos and São Vicente Estuarine Complex.
Table 1
Housing growth clusters (GAGRNH) and territorial (GAGRm2).
| Type | Growth clusters | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dwellings (GAGRNH) | Territorial (GAGRm2) | Features | |
| 1 | + | + | Invasions and reinvasions |
| 2 | + | − | Verticalisation and densification |
| 3 | − | + | Demobilisation and pre-invasion |
| 4 | − | − | Demobilisation |
[i] GAGR – geometric annual growth rate; GAGRNH – geometric rate of annual growth of the population in non-conforming housing.
Table 2
Identification of the channels of Santos and São Vicente and collection points in SSEC.
| County | Coordinates (UTM) | Distance from mouth of Santos (km) | Distance from mouth of São Vicente (km) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| st1 | 369,107 E | 7,347,706 S | 3.1 | 31.9 |
| st2 | 367,145 E | 7,350,411 S | 6.2 | 31.8 |
| st3 | 366,363 E | 7,353,172 S | 9.0 | 26.0 |
| sv3 | 355,832 E | 7,347,793 S | 21.4 | 13.6 |
| sv2 | 355,575 E | 7,349,873 S | 27.3 | 7.7 |
| sv1 | 358,418 E | 7,352,163 S | 29.7 | 5.3 |
[i] Source: Google Earth, adapted by the author, 2018.
Table 3
Formal and non-conforming population (NH) between 2005 and 2018 in SAG municipalities.
| Population (residents) | GAGR (% p.a.) | NH (AGEM) | NH (SABESP) | GAGRNH (% p.a.) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2014 | 2018 | 2005/2018 | 2005/2014 | 2005 | 2018 | 2005/2018 | |
| Santos | 418,610 | 423,779 | 432,957 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 8,018 | 15,732 | 5.32 |
| Cubatão | 113,271 | 123,785 | 129,760 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 8,620 | 2,935 | −7.95 |
| São Vicente | 317,459 | 346,492 | 363,173 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 8,992 | 29,079 | 9.45 |
| Guarujá | 276,945 | 303,397 | 318,107 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 19,300 | 39,345 | 5.63 |
| SAG | 1,126,285 | 1,197,501 | 1,243,997 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 30,581 | 62,090 | 5.60 |
| BSMR | 1,567,581 | 1,750,990 | 1,848,654 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 54,343 | 116,941 | 6.07 |
[i] GAGR – geometric annual growth rate; GAGRNH – geometric rate of annual growth of the population in non-conforming housing; NH – non-conforming housing; p.a. – per year; SAG – study area group; BSMR- Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region.
[ii] Source: IBGE 2018.
Table 4
Housing and territorial growth clusters.
| Type | NH | m2 | Qty VN | GAGRNH (% p.a.) | GAGRm2 (% p.a.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | + | + | 51 | 8.94 | 5.73 | |
| 2 | + | − | 12 | 7.25 | −1.94 | |
| 3 | − | + | 3 | −3.01 | 1.47 | |
| 4 | − | − | 8 | −4.54 | −8.48 | |
| SAG | 74 | 5.60 | 0.09 | |||
| BSMR | 599 | 6.07 | (*) | |||
BSMR – Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region; GAGR – geometric annual growth rate; GAGRNH – geometric rate of annual growth of the population in non-conforming housing; NH – non-conforming housing; p.a. – per year; SAG – study area group; VN – vulnerable nuclei.
Source: AGEM (2015); Annex A, adapted by the author, 2018.
Table 5
Number of VNs in growth clusters, housing and territorial growth rates correlated with collection points.
| Cluster | st1 | st2 | st3 | sv3 | sv2 | sv1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (+/+) | 14 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 3 | 8 |
| 2 (+/−) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 (−/+) | 2 | 1 | ||||
| 4 (−/−) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| NH (2005) | 9,170 | 1,986 | 3,471 | 6,888 | 3,308 | 5,758 |
| NH (2018) | 15,172 | 4,846 | 5,012 | 20,633 | 3,659 | 12,768 |
| GAGRNH | 3.95% p.a. | 7.10% p.a. | 2.87% p.a. | 8.81% p.a. | 0.78% p.a. | 6.32% p.a. |
| New invasions | 4 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 5 |
[i] GAGR – geometric annual growth rate; GAGRNH – geometric rate of annual growth of the population in non-conforming housing; NH – non-conforming housing; p.a. – per year.
[ii] Source: Annex A, adapted by the author, 2018.
Table 6
Sewage flow and PL released in SSEC in 2005 and 2018.
| County | IN051 (m3 · month−1) | IN053 (m3 · month−1) | Total (m3 · month−1) | HD Number of irregular dwellings | Flow rate (m3 · month−1) | Polluting load (tonnes · month−1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2018 | 2005 | 2018 | 2005 | 2018 | ||||
| Cubatão | 17 | 20 | 37 | 5,674 | 2,935 | 90,784 | 86,876 | 20 | 19 |
| Guarujá | 22 | 21 | 43 | 12,818 | 22,887 | 215,342 | 787,313 | 47 | 170 |
| Santos | 8 | 45 | 53 | 3,826 | 7,275 | 137,736 | 308,460 | 30 | 67 |
| São Vicente | 19 | 19 | 38 | 8,263 | 29,042 | 125,598 | 882,877 | 27 | 191 |
| SAG | 16 | 26 | 42 | 30,581 | 62,090 | 636,085 | 2,086,224 | 137 | 451 |
| BSMR | 11 | 18 | 30 | 54,343 | 116,941 | 782,539 | 2,806,584 | 169 | 606 |
[i] BSMR – Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region; PL – pollutant load; SAG – study area group.
[ii] Source: AGEM 2015; Sperling 2014; SNIS 2017; Annex B, adapted by the author, 2018.
Table 7
Water quality measurements in non-conformity (“1” in yellow cells) with CONAMA 357.
| Year | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 |
| Station-Season | st1-S | st1-W | st2-S | st2-W | st3-S | st3-W | sv1-S | sv1-W | sv2-S | sv2-W | sv3-S | sv3-W | Total |
| DO | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||
| PTOTAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | ||||
| NH4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |||||
| TOC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |||
| Ecotox. | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Chlorophyll | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||
| Enterococcus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |||
| Total 2011 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 42 |
| Year | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 | 2017 |
| Station-Season | st1-S | st1-W | st2-S | st2-W | st3-S | st3-W | sv1-S | sv1-W | sv2-S | sv2-W | sv3-S | sv3-W | Total |
| DO | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||
| PTOTAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| NH4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | |||||
| TOC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 | ||
| Ecotox. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| Chlorophyll | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||||
| Enterococcus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||
| Total 2017 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 56 |
[i] DO – dissolved oxygen; NH4 – ammonia nitrogen; PTOTAL – total phosphorus; S – summer; TOC – total organic carbon; W – winter; Ecotox. (Vibrio ficheri), Chlorophyll A, and Enterococcus.
[ii] Source: BRAZIL 2005; CETESB 2011; CETESB 2017.
Table 8
Concentration of total coliforms in waterways urban effluent to beaches.
| County | 2005 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|
| Cubatão (*) | 101 | 101 |
| Guarujá (*) | to | 103 to 105 |
| Santos (*) | 104 to 105 | 103 to 106 |
| São Vicente (*) | 104 to 105 | 103 to 106 |
| Bertioga | 103 | 103 to 104 |
| Mongaguá | 103 to 104 | 103 |
| Itanhaém | 103 to 104 | 103 |
| Praia Grande | 104 to 105 | 103 to 106 |
| Peruíbe | 102 to 103 | 103 to 104 |
Source: CETESB 2017, adapted by the author, 2018.
| Id | UTM (E;S) | County | VN | Area – 2005 (m2) | HD 2005 | Area – 2018 (m2) | HD 2018 | GAGRNH (%/a.a) | GAGRm2 (%/a.a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 352,171; 7,355,944 | Cubatão | Vila Esperança | 655,700 | 2,534 | 827,979 | 1,342 | −4.77% | 1.81% |
| 2 | 354,036; 7,356,544 | Cubatão | Costa Muniz | 177,500 | 401 | 58,848 | 0 | −100.00% | −8.14% |
| 3 | 357,356; 7,353,247 | Cubatão | V, Pescadores | 2,877,100 | 1,520 | 282,143 | 1,064 | −2.71% | −16.36% |
| 4 | 351,666; 7,358,099 | Cubatão | Pinhal do Miranda | 289,900 | 1,118 | 178,154 | 204 | −12.27% | −3.68% |
| 5 | 355,328; 7,358,445 | Cubatão | Beira Rio | 0 | 0 | 8,555 | 40 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 6 | 353,475; 7357,148 | Cubatão | Vila Noel | 0 | 0 | 36,219 | 161 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 7 | 354,069; 7,352,270 | Cubatão | Ilha Caraguata (*) | 25,200 | 101 | 23,016 | 124 | 1.59% | −0.69% |
| 8 | 351,701; 7,354,366 | Cubatão | Vale Novo | 0 | 0 | 33,977 | 70 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 9 | 371,803; 7,347,426 | Guarujá | Morro da Cachoeira | 47,600 | 113 | 118,224 | 879 | 17.09% | 7.25% |
| 10 | 372,895; 7,348,238 | Guarujá | V, Edna/Selma (*) | 141,500 | 1,025 | 330,442 | 1,631 | 3.64% | 6.74% |
| 11 | 372,663; 7,347,696 | Guarujá | Vila Zilda (*) | 152,300 | 692 | 187,999 | 952 | 2.48% | 1.63% |
| 12 | 371,578; 7,347,426 | Guarujá | Cachoeira (*) | 333,000 | 2,574 | 354,186 | 2,094 | −1.58% | 0.48% |
| 13 | 367,440; 7,345,505 | Guarujá | S,C,Navegantes (*) | 200,000 | 867 | 216,434 | 1,268 | 2.97% | 0.61% |
| 14 | 369,025; 7,345,200 | Guarujá | V,Ligia (*) | 88,000 | 746 | 135,823 | 875 | 1.23% | 3.39% |
| 15 | 369,541; 7,346,461 | Guarujá | Vila Funchal I e II | 0 | 0 | 18,157 | 174 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 16 | 370,508, 7,346,983 | Guarujá | Mangue Seco I e II | 54,700 | 220 | 61,668 | 371 | 4.10% | 0.93% |
| 17 | 369,809; 7,344,955 | Guarujá | LAS PALMAS | 28,700 | 51 | 117,179 | 286 | 14.18% | 11.43% |
| 18 | 369,250 ; 7,347,791 | Guarujá | Sitio Conceiçãozinha | 251,700 | 1,083 | 216,780 | 2,865 | 7.77% | −1.14% |
| 19 | 369,150; 7,353,976 | Guarujá | Monte Cabrão | 56,300 | 70 | 36,636 | 74 | 0.43% | −3.25% |
| 20 | 366,852; 7,354,530 | Guarujá | Ilha Diana (Santos) | 18,500 | 54 | 24,593 | 98 | 4.69% | 2.21% |
| 21 | 366,926; 7,351,960 | Guarujá | Santense | 6,600 | 43 | 2,063 | 90 | 5.85% | −8.56% |
| 22 | 366,272; 7,345,243 | Guarujá | Praia do Góes | 34,700 | 72 | 34,044 | 255 | 10.22% | −0.15% |
| 23 | 372,238; 7347,471 | Guarujá | M,Engenho (*) | 200,800 | 724 | 96,717 | 775 | 0.53% | −5.46% |
| 24 | 367,237; 7,350,687 | Guarujá | Prainha (*) | 344,700 | 1,394 | 427,672 | 4,043 | 8.54% | 1.67% |
| 25 | 367,737; 7,350,122 | Guarujá | Marezinha (*) | 104,800 | 549 | 108,853 | 713 | 2.03% | 0.29% |
| 26 | 369,250; 7,352,352 | Guarujá | Vargea Gde (*) | 0 | 0 | 55,748 | 141 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 27 | 368,724; 7,352,046 | Guarujá | Favela do Caixão | 55,800 | 519 | 49,697 | 1,593 | 9.01% | −0.89% |
| 28 | 369,457; 7,352,130 | Guarujá | Santa Madalena | 50,100 | 295 | 19,850 | 69 | −10.57% | −6.87% |
| 29 | 369,076; 7,351,376 | Guarujá | Vila do Padre | 14,500 | 112 | 30,851 | 71 | −3.45% | 5.98% |
| 30 | 369,183; 7,351,072 | Guarujá | Atlântica | 0 | 0 | 89,573 | 344 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 31 | 369,411; 7,350,801 | Guarujá | Área Verde | 0 | 0 | 64,191 | 757 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 32 | 369,498; 7,350,937 | Guarujá | N,Republica (*) | 30,400 | 189 | 74,243 | 330 | 4.38% | 7.11% |
| 33 | 369,721; 7,350,436 | Guarujá | T, Acaraú (*) | 41,800 | 183 | 114,735 | 362 | 5.39% | 8.08% |
| 34 | 369,892; 7,350,251 | Guarujá | Chaparral (*) | 87,000 | 519 | 86,634 | 546 | 0.39% | −0.03% |
| 35 | 370,162; 7,349,928 | Guarujá | República | 0 | 0 | 44,808 | 257 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 36 | 370,005; 7,349,703 | Guarujá | Rubro Negro | 0 | 0 | 15,414 | 80 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 37 | 372,238; 7347,471 | Guarujá | M,Engenho (*) | 200,800 | 724 | 96,717 | 775 | 0.53% | −5.46% |
| 38 | 358,191; 7,353,923 | Santos | V, Criadores (*) | 52,500 | 177 | 77,979 | 178 | 0.04% | 3.09% |
| 39 | 358,838; 7,351,402 | Santos | V,Gilda (*) | 242,700 | 1,249 | 302,807 | 2,521 | 5.55% | 1.72% |
| 40 | 361,203; 7,352,804 | Santos | V, Alemoa (*) | 119,900 | 768 | 105,480 | 559 | −2.41% | −0.98% |
| 41 | 360,911; 7,352,779 | Santos | V, Alemoa 2 (*) | 0 | 0 | 95,310 | 468 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 42 | 362,351; 7,352,311 | Santos | S, Maria - gleba I e II | 186,700 | 459 | 65,966 | 238 | −4.93% | −7.69% |
| 43 | 359,669; 7,352,179 | Santos | Ilheu Baixo (*) | 0 | 0 | 54,021 | 74 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 44 | 361,615; 7,352,375 | Santos | Chico de Paula (*) | 11,700 | 61 | 1,496 | 48 | −1.83% | −14.63% |
| 45 | 361,540; 7,352,251 | Santos | Igreja (*) | 0 | 0 | 9,147 | 92 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 46 | 361,369; 7,351,767 | Santos | Cam,Part, S,Jorge (*) | 0 | 0 | 11,433 | 57 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 47 | 361,032; 7,351,226 | Santos | Vila Ayrton Senna | 0 | 0 | 10,873 | 71 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 48 | 359,203; 7,353,017 | Santos | Jd, Bom Retiro (*) | 0 | 0 | 68,120 | 65 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 49 | 359,542; 7,352,940 | Santos | Lot, S,Manoel (*) | 0 | 0 | 148,857 | 289 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 50 | 363,098; 7,352,460 | Santos | Cam, Maria Rosa (*) | 0 | 0 | 1,487 | 54 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 51 | 363,894; 7,352,491 | Santos | Pacheco (*) | 99,100 | 459 | 201,161 | 1,010 | 6.25% | 5.60% |
| 52 | 363,119; 7,352,625 | Santos | Penha (*) | 0 | 0 | 1,676 | 63 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 53 | 362,486; 7352,498 | Santos | Pantanal (*) | 59,100 | 320 | 78,047 | 819 | 7.50% | 2.16% |
| 54 | 359,313; 7,352,562 | Santos | S,Manoel (*) | 115,000 | 333 | 81,895 | 669 | 5.51% | −2.58% |
| 55 | 358,378; 7,351,880 | S,Vicente | Sambaiatuba (*) | 336,500 | 810 | 319,237 | 4,050 | 13.18% | −0.40% |
| 56 | 348,685; 7,345,198 | S,Vicente | Fazendinha (*) | 0 | 0 | 843,962 | 2,947 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 57 | 357,551; 7,350,217 | S,Vicente | Começa (b) | 0 | 0 | 15,689 | 802 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 58 | 356,468; 7,347,982 | S,Vicente | México 70 (*) | 625,400 | 3,216 | 737,058 | 4,795 | 3.12% | 1.27% |
| 59 | 351,905; 7,347,424 | S,Vicente | Quarentenário Publ, | 722,500 | 1,522 | 690,601 | 1,178 | −1.95% | −0.35% |
| 60 | 351,149; 7,346,496 | S,Vicente | Rio Negro (*) | 482,900 | 272 | 682,454 | 1,525 | 14.18% | 2.70% |
| 61 | 352,667; 7,349,766 | S,Vicente | Vila Feliz | 23,100 | 202 | 59,145 | 1,293 | 15.35% | 7.50% |
| 62 | 359,256; 7,350,595 | S,Vicente | Miau | 0 | 0 | 28,949 | 598 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 63 | 358,756; 7,350,726 | S,Vicente | Charme (a) | 0 | 0 | 63,838 | 2,124 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 64 | 357,122; 7,351,254 | S,Vicente | Dq Caixeta (*) | 181,500 | 814 | 158,896 | 2,624 | 9.42% | −1.02% |
| 65 | 357,004; 7,351,005 | S,Vicente | Dique do Fátima | 24,000 | 149 | 29,756 | 1,690 | 20.54% | 1.67% |
| 66 | 357,182; 7,349,308 | S,Vicente | Fepasa (*) | 24,400 | 164 | 25,128 | 1,091 | 15.69% | 0.23% |
| 67 | 352,454; 7,350,385 | S,Vicente | V,Nova Mariana (*) | 36,200 | 94 | 88,225 | 635 | 15.83% | 7.09% |
| 68 | 358,276, 7,350,041 | S,Vicente | Sá Catarina Moraes | 112,200 | 680 | 122,538 | 1,261 | 4.87% | 0.68% |
| 69 | 358,441; 7,346,206 | S,Vicente | Japuí | 0 | 0 | 49,500 | 411 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 70 | 358,031; 7,349,821 | S,Vicente | V,S,Bernardo (*) | 0 | 0 | 18,330 | 339 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 71 | 358,378; 7,351,880 | S,Vicente | Rio d’Avó | 61,200 | 340 | 184,499 | 945 | 8.18% | 8.86% |
| 72 | 360,661; 7,349,014 | S,Vicente | Carrefour (Horto) | 0 | 0 | 8,337 | 116 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 73 | 360,991; 7,349,339 | S,Vicente | Bananal (Horto) | 0 | 0 | 15,178 | 251 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 74 | 350,670; 7,347,240 | S,Vicente | Jd, Rio Branco | 0 | 0 | 71,370 | 367 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| Total – Study area | 9,885,500 | 29,857 | 10,144,527 | 61,385 | 5.70% | 0.20% | |||
| RMBS | 54,343 | 116,941 | 6.59% | ||||||
| City | VN (qty) | Number of irregular dwellings * (qty) | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bertioga | 46 | 8,525 | Boraceia |
| Cubatão | 8 | 2,935 | Vila Esperança |
| Guarujá | 73 | 39,345 | Cachoeira |
| Itanhaém | 29 | 4,985 | Iemanjá |
| Mongaguá | 27 | 2,910 | Cachoeira V. São Paulo |
| Peruibe | 7 | 658 | Recreio Santista |
| Praia Grande | 53 | 12,772 | Samambaia |
| Santos | 120 + 206 tenements | 15,732 | Dq.Vila Gilda, Pantanal |
| São Vicente | 30 | 29,079 | Fazendinha |
| RMBS | 599 | 116,941 |