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Water Scarcity, Mountain Deforestation and the Economic Value of Water in a Small-Scale Irrigation System: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia

Quaestiones Geographicae
Volume 40 (2021): Issue 2 (June 2021)
By:
Open Access
|Jun 2021

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Map of the study area.Source: own compilation.
Map of the study area.Source: own compilation.

Fig. 2

The scheme of the studied irrigation system.Source: own compilation.
The scheme of the studied irrigation system.Source: own compilation.

Fig. 3

Irrigation system in the studied area.Source: photos taken by the authors.
Irrigation system in the studied area.Source: photos taken by the authors.

Fig. 4

Land-use change in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed between 2011 (left) and 2019 (right).Source: own compilation.
Land-use change in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed between 2011 (left) and 2019 (right).Source: own compilation.

Fig. 5

Over-watered mature rice plant in the upper area.Source: photo taken by the authors.
Over-watered mature rice plant in the upper area.Source: photo taken by the authors.

Trends of changes in mean discharge, peak discharge, discharge ratio and water volume in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed (2011–2019)_

MonthAverage discharge (lt/s)Peak discharge (lt/s)Peak discharge/average discharge ratioVol. stored water (mm/year)
Wet season29.768**40.171**1.97**576**
Dry season 1−48.778**−140.492**−0.78**−84**
Dry season 2−13.864**−14.194**−1.83**325**
Wet season−54.590**−89.750**−2.59**166**
Dry season−59.549**−83.395**0.86**583**
Annual−47.175**−8.969**0.23**4,200**

Estimation results of the model_

VariableCoefficientst-test (p-value)
Constants1,283,7951.520 (0.13)ns
Farm size−1,702,240−3.012 (0.00)***
Age−301,349−0.027 (0.98)ns
Education−46,701−1.607 (0.11)ns
Income0.1467.549 (0.00)***
Distance to small dam−750,874−2.410 (0.02)**
Management in dry season2,144,3619.369 (0.00)***
n100
R20.83
F-test84.18
p-value0.000

Variables in the model_

VariablesCodeDescription
Farm sizeX1Size of farmer's land (ha)
AgeX2Farmer's age (years)
EducationX3Farmer's formal education (years)
IncomeX4Farmer's income in one cropping season (US$/ha)
Distance to small damX5Distance of farmer's land to small dam (m)
Management in dry seasonDDummy variable representing type of irrigation used in the dry season: (1) private water pump and (0) irrigation from WUA.

Changes in land use in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed for the period 2011–2019_

No.Land use20112019Land use
(ha)(%)(ha)(%)Change(%)
1.Forest13,227.2347.7111,676.9742.12−1550.26−11.72
2.Plantation10,679.9138.5210,486.2137.83−193.70−1.81
3.Dryland2,480.258.954,001.9114.441,521.6761.35
4.Rice field748.432.70698.202.52−50.24−6.71
5.Open field266.760.96437.161.58170.4163.88
6.Residential320.201.15422.321.52102.1231.89
Total27,722.77 27,722.77

Trends of changes in rainfall, number of rainy days and rain intensity in the Sanenrejo sub-watershed (2011–2019)_

MonthRainfall (mm/year)Number of rainy days (day)Rain intensity
1993–20102011–2019D1993–20102011–2019D1993–20102011–2019D
Wet season−140**1.269**1.409−473**77−2.50**−0.39**2.10
Dry season 127**−1.055**−1.08222**0−0.39**−34.17**−33.78
Dry season 2−10**224**234−156**56−2.02**3.39**5.41
Wet season−64**120**184−191**92−0.75**−18.17**−17.42
Dry season11**74**64051**51−0.16**−29.96**−29.80
Annual−54**323**377−2−152**154−1.38**−26.41**−25.04
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2021-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2081-6383 | Journal ISSN: 2082-2103
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Language: English
Page range: 153 - 166
Submitted on: Oct 24, 2020
Published on: Jun 30, 2021
Published by: Adam Mickiewicz University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
water scarcity,
small-scale irrigation system,
contingent valuation method,
economic value of water,
willingness to pay
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geography

© 2021 Subhan Arif Budiman, Mohammad Rondhi, Ahmad Fatikhul Khasan, Bagus Peratama, Rokhani,, Anik Suwandari, Julian Adam Ridjal, Soemarno,, Sugeng Prijono, Soedarto,, published by Adam Mickiewicz University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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