Fig. 1
Location of the research area.
Fig. 2
Digital elevation model of Petrozavodsk.
Table 1
Results of assessing the accuracy of DEM by control points.
| Parameter | Value [m] |
|---|---|
| Minimum | −3.6 |
| Maximum | 11.4 |
| MAE | 3.5 |
| RMSE | 5.4 |
| SD | 4.4 |
Fig. 3
Scheme of creating a model of landscape structure.
Fig. 4
Topographic position index (TPI)
A – radius of the environs is 200 m; B – radius of the environs is 500 m; and C – radius of the environs is 1000 m. Standardised TPI: D – radius of the environs is 200 m; E – radius of the environs is 500 m; and F – radius of the environs is 1000 m.
Fig. 5
The ratio of relief classes when changing the estimated radius of the environs.
Fig. 6
Map of slope.
Fig. 7
Map of general curvature.
Table 2
Criteria for distinguishing elementary landscapes.
| Elementary landscapes | Index | Landforms | Morphometric parameters | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TPI | Slope | Curvature | |||
| Eluvial | E | Flat watershed surfaces Convex tops of hills and ridges Above the floodplain terrace, clearly expressed in relief | >1SD | <5 | 0, + |
| >1SD | 3–10 | + | |||
| Transeluvial (moderate offset) | TE2 | Slopes of medium steepness | −1SD 1SD <- 1SD | 5–10 | −, 0, + 0, + |
| Transeluvial (low offset) | TE1 | Gentle slopes | −1SD -0 0 − 1SD | <5 | 0, + −, 0, + |
| Transeluvial-accumulative | TeA | The foot of the slope | −1SD − 0 <- 1SD | <3 2–5 <5 5–10 | −, 0 − 0, + − |
| Super-aquatic | Sa | Depressions and ravines, floodplains | <- 1SD | <3 | − |
Fig. 8
Elementary landscapes. Decoding of indices in Table 2.
Fig. 9
Scheme of distribution of quaternary deposits 1 – loamy-clayey lacustrine-glacial deposits; 2 – moraine sandy loam; and 3 – sandy lacustrine-glacial and lacustrine deposits.
Fig. 10
Map of functional zoning.
Fig. 11
Distribution of functional areas on the territory of Petrozavodsk.
Fig. 12
Landscape model of Petrozavodsk.
Landscape areas: I – northern area; II – central area; III – western area; and IV – north-east area.
Fig. 13
The ratio of the area occupied by landscape zones. Decoding of indices in Figure 12.