Assessing the Relationship of LST, NDVI and EVI with Land Cover Changes in the Lagos Lagoon Environment

Alademomi, Alfred S.; Okolie, Chukwuma J.; Daramola, Olagoke E.; Agboola, Raphael O.; Salami, Tosin J.

doi:10.2478/quageo-2020-0025

Figures & Tables

Histograms showing a range of values from 1984 to 2019 for LST (a), NDVI (b), and EVI (c).

Spatial pattern of land cover for 1984 (a), 2002 (b), 2013 (c) and 2019 (d).

Spatial pattern of LST for 1984 (a), 2002 (b), 2013 (c) and 2019 (d).

Spatial pattern of NDVI for 1984 (a), 2002 (b), 2013 (c) and 2019 (d).

Spatial pattern of EVI for 1984 (a), 2002 (b), 2013 (c) and 2019 (d).

Mean LSTs (°C) associated with the eight LGAs.

Mean NDVIs associated with the eight LGAs.

Mean EVIs associated with the eight LGAs.

Temporal relationship between EVI and NDVI and LST in bare land class (a), in built-up area class (b) and in vegetation class (c).

CI plot of vegetation against built-up areas between 1984 and 2019.

CI plot of vegetation against bare land between 1984 and 2019.

Landsat 8 TIRS Thermal Band Calibration Constants_

	Band 10	Band 11
K₁	1774.89	1480.89
K₂	1321.08	1201.14

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2019_

Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Min	Max
Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Min	Max
LST [°C]	Bare land	2598	29.17	1.30	29.12	29.22	23.17	32.45
	Built-up area	52944	29.80	1.46	29.79	29.82	19.48	34.81
	Vegetation	111404	27.72	1.36	27.71	27.73	20.51	36.90
	Total	166946	28.40	1.70	28.40	28.41	19.48	36.90
NDVI [−]	Bare land	2598	0.29	0.12	0.29	0.30	0.01	0.68
	Built-up area	52944	0.27	0.10	0.27	0.28	−0.02	0.68
	Vegetation	111404	0.56	0.11	0.56	0.56	−0.06	0.80
	Total	166946	0.47	0.17	0.47	0.47	−0.06	0.80
EVI [−]	Bare land	2598	0.19	0.07	0.19	0.20	0.01	0.43
	Built-up area	52944	0.16	0.06	0.16	0.16	−0.01	0.48
	Vegetation	111404	0.34	0.07	0.34	0.34	−0.04	0.60
	Total	166946	0.28	0.11	0.28	0.28	−0.04	0.60

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 1984_

Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Min	Max
Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Min	Max
LST [°C]	Bare land	859	25.31	1.04	25.24	25.38	21.30	27.93
	Built-up area	5036	26.39	0.80	26.36	26.41	22.67	29.18
	Vegetation	161051	22.55	1.10	22.54	22.55	17.63	29.14
	Total	166946	22.68	1.29	22.67	22.68	17.63	29.18
NDVI [−]	Bare land	859	0.13	0.04	0.13	0.13	0.05	0.33
	Built-up area	5036	0.14	0.04	0.14	0.14	0.01	0.28
	Vegetation	161051	0.38	0.06	0.38	0.38	0.00	0.50
	Total	166946	0.37	0.07	0.37	0.37	0.00	0.50
EVI [−]	Bare land	859	0.10	0.03	0.10	0.10	0.03	0.26
	Built-up area	5036	0.10	0.03	0.10	0.10	0.01	0.20
	Vegetation	161051	0.27	0.05	0.27	0.27	0.00	0.41
	Total	166946	0.27	0.06	0.27	0.27	0.00	0.41

Coefficient of correlation (r) between LST, NDVI and ENVI in years 1984, 2002, 2013 and 2019_

Parameter	LST				NDVI				EVI
Parameter	1984	2002	2013	2019	1984	2002	2013	2019	1984	2002	2013	2019
LST 1984	1.00	0.62	0.53	0.31	−0.63	−0.62	−0.51	−0.46	−0.63	−0.60	−0.48	−0.45
LST 2002	0.62	1.00	0.80	0.60	−0.48	−0.70	−0.68	−0.71	−0.42	−0.65	−0.58	−0.69
LST 2013	0.53	.80^*	1.00	0.66	−0.54	−0.75	−0.86	−0.85	−0.48	−0.69	−0.79	−0.85
LST 2019	0.31	0.60	0.66	1.00	−0.16	−0.41	−0.53	−0.64	−0.13	−0.37	−0.43	−0.62
NDVI 1984	−0.63	−0.48	−0.54	−0.16	1.00	0.80	0.63	0.53	0.99	0.78	0.66	0.56
NDVI 2002	−0.62	−0.70	−0.75	−0.41	0.80	1.00	0.82	0.73	0.77	0.98	0.80	0.74
NDVI 2013	−0.51	−0.68	−0.86	−0.53	0.63	0.82	1.00	0.86	0.58	0.78	0.96	0.86
NDVI 2019	−0.46	−0.71	−0.85	−0.64	0.53	0.73	0.86	1.00	0.47	0.68	0.79	0.96
EVI 1984	−0.63	−0.42	−0.48	−0.13	0.99	0.77	0.58	0.47	1.00	0.75	0.63	0.51
EVI 2002	−0.60	−0.65	−0.69	−0.37	0.78	0.98	0.78	0.68	0.75	1.00	0.78	0.71
EVI 2013	−0.48	−0.58	−0.79	−0.43	0.66	0.80	0.96	0.79	0.63	0.78	1.00	0.82
EVI 2019	−0.45	−0.69	−0.85	−0.62	0.56	0.74	0.86	0.96	0.51	0.71	0.82	1.00

Description of the land cover categories used in the study_

Land cover class	Description
Built-up area	This feature class encompasses settlements within the study area
Bare land	Paved surfaces, exposed topsoil
Water body	This encompasses all surface water bodies visible on the imagery
Vegetation	Shrubs, grasslands, cultivated lands, wetlands and mangroves

Areal distribution of land cover in 1984, 2002, 2013 and 2019_

S/N	Land cover class	1984		2002		2013		2019
S/N	Land cover class	km²	%	km²	%	km²	%	km²	%
1	Bare land	7.08	0.40	50.53	2.83	13.65	0.76	24.85	1.39
2	Built-up area	40.77	2.28	130.34	7.30	416.27	23.32	441.49	24.73
3	Vegetation	1321.78	74.05	1199.50	67.20	956.68	53.60	933.83	52.32
4	Water body	415.37	23.27	404.63	22.67	398.40	22.32	384.83	21.56
Total		1785.00	100.00	1785.00	100.00	1785.00	100.00	1785.00	100.00

Linear regression analysis between the LST, NDVI, EVI and the time period, T_

Land cover class	Equation	R²	Sampled cells
All land cover classes	LST = 0.193T − 8.542NDVI − 356.929	0.812	667784
All land cover classes	LST = 0.173T − 12.441EVI − 316.797	0.784	667784
Bare land	LST = 0.158T − 6.072EVI − 288.905	0.542	10865
Bare land	LST = 0.158T − 4.395NDVI − 289.447	0.557	10865
Built-up area	LST = 0.149T − 7.863EVI − 269.420	0.410	123246
Built-up area	LST = 0.153T − 5.335NDVI − 276.318	0.421	123246
Vegetation	LST = 0.159T − 9.795EVI − 290.462	0.729	533673
Vegetation	LST = 0.187T − 7.943NDVI − 344.852	0.770	533673

Contribution index (CI)_

Land Cover	1984			2002			2013			2019
Land Cover	Dt [°C]	S	CI	Dt [°C]	S	CI	Dt [°C]	S	CI	Dt [°C]	S	CI
Bare Land	2.63	0.00	0.01	1.72	0.03	0.05	2.34	0.01	0.02	0.77	0.01	0.01
Built-up Area	3.71	0.02	0.08	1.91	0.07	0.14	2.88	0.23	0.67	1.40	0.25	0.35
Vegetation	−0.13	0.74	−0.10	−0.28	0.67	−0.19	−1.26	0.54	−0.68	−0.68	0.52	−0.36

Trend Analysis using the Mann-Kendall test_

Category	Time	Mean LST [°C]	Mean NDVI [−]	Mean EVI [−]
All land cover classes	1984	22.68	0.37	0.27
	2002	24.34	0.52	0.32
	2013	26.46	0.60	0.37
	2019	28.40	0.47	0.28
	S	6	2	2
	Sig.	0.042^*	0.375	0.375
	Q_med	0.178	–	–
Bare land	1984	25.31	0.13	0.10
	2002	26.06	0.25	0.16
	2013	28.80	0.25	0.18
	2019	29.17	0.29	0.19
	S	6	6	6
	Sig.	0.042^*	0.042^*	0.042^*
	Q_med	0.115	0.006	0.003
Built-up area	1984	26.39	0.14	0.10
	2002	26.25	0.26	0.16
	2013	29.34	0.37	0.23
	2019	29.80	0.27	0.16
	S	4	4	3
	Sig.	0.167	0.167	0.375
	Q_med	–	–	–
Vegetation	1984	22.55	0.38	0.27
	2002	24.06	0.56	0.35
	2013	25.20	0.70	0.43
	2019	27.72	0.56	0.34
	S	6	4	2
	Sig.	0.042^*	0.167	0.375
	Q_med	0.126	–	–

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2002_

Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Min	Max
Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Min	Max
LST [°C]	Bare land	5948	26.06	1.04	26.03	26.08	22.74	29.85
	Built-up area	15698	26.25	0.99	26.24	26.27	22.95	29.55
	Vegetation	145300	24.06	0.95	24.06	24.07	22.36	29.64
	Total	166946	24.34	1.20	24.33	24.35	22.36	29.85
NDVI [−]	Bare land	5948	0.25	0.09	0.25	0.26	0.01	0.52
	Built-up area	15698	0.26	0.12	0.26	0.27	0.00	0.59
	Vegetation	145300	0.56	0.08	0.56	0.56	−0.20	0.70
	Total	166946	0.52	0.13	0.52	0.52	−0.20	0.70
EVI [−]	Bare land	5948	0.16	0.05	0.16	0.16	0.01	0.35
	Built-up area	15698	0.16	0.08	0.16	0.16	0.00	0.42
	Vegetation	145300	0.35	0.06	0.35	0.35	−0.08	0.56
	Total	166946	0.32	0.09	0.32	0.32	−0.08	0.56

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2013_

Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Min	Max
Parameter	Land cover class	N	Mean	SD	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Min	Max
LST [°C]	Bare land	1460	28.80	1.82	28.70	28.89	24.46	34.15
	Built-up area	49568	29.34	1.90	29.32	29.35	23.80	36.31
	Vegetation	115918	25.20	1.31	25.19	25.21	23.09	34.73
	Total	166946	26.46	2.43	26.45	26.47	23.09	36.31
NDVI [−]	Bare land	1460	0.25	0.12	0.24	0.26	0.05	0.63
	Built-up area	49568	0.37	0.13	0.37	0.38	−0.12	0.72
	Vegetation	115918	0.70	0.09	0.70	0.70	−0.12	0.85
	Total	166946	0.60	0.18	0.60	0.60	−0.12	0.85
EVI [−]	Bare land	1460	0.18	0.08	0.18	0.19	0.04	0.43
	Built-up area	49568	0.23	0.09	0.23	0.23	−0.04	0.53
	Vegetation	115918	0.43	0.07	0.43	0.43	−0.05	0.74
	Total	166946	0.37	0.12	0.37	0.37	−0.05	0.74

Landsat TM and ETM+ Thermal Band Calibration Constants_

	Landsat 5 TM	Landsat 7 ETM+
K₁	1607.76	1666.09
K₂	1260.56	1282.71

Assessing the Relationship of LST, NDVI and EVI with Land Cover Changes in the Lagos Lagoon Environment

Figures & Tables

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Landsat 8 TIRS Thermal Band Calibration Constants_

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2019_

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 1984_

Coefficient of correlation (r) between LST, NDVI and ENVI in years 1984, 2002, 2013 and 2019_

Description of the land cover categories used in the study_

Areal distribution of land cover in 1984, 2002, 2013 and 2019_

Linear regression analysis between the LST, NDVI, EVI and the time period, T_

Contribution index (CI)_

Trend Analysis using the Mann-Kendall test_

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2002_

Descriptive statistics of the LST, NDVI and EVI relationship with land cover in 2013_

Landsat TM and ETM+ Thermal Band Calibration Constants_

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