Fig. 1
Aerial view of the Mekong River Delta, south of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Image is reproduced modified from (Bing 2019).
Fig. 2
InSAR-based land subsidence. Data are from JAXA, METI. These land subsidence rates are annual averages from 2006 to 2010. The image is reproduced modified from (Erban et al. 2014).
Fig. 3
(a) Estimated annual subsidence displacement of 2018 around Ca Mau, in the Mekong Delta. (b) Estimated annual subsidence displacement change 2018–2017 around Ca Mau, in the Mekong Delta. Images reproduced modified from (Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2019). Copyright European Union, 1995–2019.
Table 1
Rate of rise and acceleration of the relative sea levels measured at the tide gauges of Vietnam.
| Tide gauge | PSMS Id | Latitude | Longitude | Years of measurements | Rate of rise of the relative sea levels | Acceleration of the relative sea levels | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| start | end | ||||||
| [mm a−1] | [mm a−2] | ||||||
| Hondau | 841 | 20.667 | 106.8 | 1957/1 | 2013/12 | 2.06 | −0.0106 |
| Honngu | 1003 | 18.8 | 105.767 | 1962/1 | 2013/12 | −6.04 | −0.3300 |
| Quinhon | 1449 | 13.767 | 109.25 | 1977/1 | 2013/12 | +0.23 | 0.2640 |
| Danang | 1475 | 16.1 | 108.217 | 1978/1 | 2013/12 | +3.18 | 0.2120 |
| Vungtau | 1495 | 10.333 | 107.067 | 1979/1 | 2013/12 | +3.64 | −0.0960 |
| Quinhon II | 2267 | 13.775 | 109.255 | 2007/11 | 2016/11 | NA | NA |
| Vungtau II | 2268 | 10.34 | 107.072 | 2007/11 | 2016/11 | NA | NA |
Fig. 4
(a) Tide gauges of Vietnam and (b) to (f) their monthly average mean sea level analysis. Image (a) is reproduced modified from (Bing 2019). Images (b) to (f) are reproduced modified from (SeaLevel.info, n.d.).
Fig. 5
MSL in Vungtau and Vungtau II (a), and their difference (b). data from (PSMSL, n.d.). (c) aerial view of the area of Vungtau, with evidenced the heavy construction. Image reproduced modified after (Bing 2019).
Fig. 6
MSL around Japan according to Japan Meteorological Agency (2018): a) sea-level anomaly, b) locations of the stations affected to a lesser extent by crustal movements. Images (a) and (b) reproduced modified after Japan Meteorological Agency (2018); c), d) and e) MSL of Hosojima, Wajima, and Oshoro. In Hosojima, Wajima and Oshoro there is no sea-level rise and there is no sea-level acceleration; f) short time windows rates of rise for Hosojima; g) position of the GPS antenna close to the Hosojima tide gauge. Image reproduced modified from Système d’Observation du Niveau des Eaux Littorales (n.d.).