Table 1
Characteristics of the selected parks.
| Investigated park | Park area(km2) | Buffer zone area(km2) | Date of establishment | Subject of protection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WPN-PL* | 75.84 | 72.56 | 1957 | postglacial landscape and its typical landforms |
| LPK-PL* | 76.18 | no data | 1988 | cultural landscape of Lednica Lake as well as forest and field landscapes, preservation of precious ecosystems with rare species of plants and animals and preservation of elements of cultural and historical heritage |
| NPMF-SK** | 226.3 | 232.6 | 1988 | land with varied geological structure and variety of relief forms, richness of biocoenoses, exceptional flora and fauna, forest and mountain complexes |
| CHKOMK-SK** | 646.1 | no data | 1976 | rock formations, valleys and karst phenomena |
[i] Source: own study on the basis of * – RDOŚ; ** – Information Portal of MoE SR 2016.
Fig. 1
National and landscape parks in Poland and Slovakia along with the location of the investigated areas: 1 – national parks; 2 – landscape parks; 3 – investigated parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B – Lednica Landscape Park (LPK); C – Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D – Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK)
Source: own elaboration.
Table 2
Comparison of the legal system and advertising policy regarding protection forms in Polish and Slovak legislation.
| Category | Poland | Slovakia |
|---|---|---|
| Legal regulation and document | ||
| European Union law | – Union of Associations Advertising Council – no regulations referring directly to landscape or environment | |
| – European Landscape Convention – prepared to encourage citizens and governments to greater care for the landscape, by means of identification, assessment, protection, management and planning processes | ||
| National law | there are some regulations in different legal acts concerning landscape protection and outdoor advertisement, e.g. ‘landscape act’ – defines advertisement and its forms, gives possibility of introducing fees for presence of advertisement in space | there are some regulations in different legal acts, e.g. Act on advertisement and Act on landscape and environmental protection |
| Local law | local spatial development plan – can de- termine character of advertisement and its location | approval of the generally binding regulations, municipal level can determine character of advertisement and its location |
| Form of legal protection | ||
| National park | ban on placing advertisements | requires permission of the nature protection authority |
| Landscape park | no provisions concerning advertisements | requires permission of the nature protection authority |
[i] Source: own study.
Fig. 2A–B
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregations
Source: own elaboration.
Table 3
Characteristics of the advertising phenomenon in the investigated parks.
| Parameters | WPN-PL | LPK-PL | NPMF-SK | CHKOMK-SK | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| park | buffer z. | park | park | buffer z. | park | |
| Road number | No. 5 | No. 5 | No. 5 | No. 583 | No. 583 | No. 503 |
| Road length (km) | 5 | 8 | 5 | 31 | 22 | 10 |
| Number of ads | 0 | 76 | (96)* 80 | 48 | 306 | 16 |
| Total advertising area (m2) | 0 | 721.3 | (370)* 365.5 | 381.4 | 791.2 | 34.5 |
| Mean advertisement area (m2) | 0 | 9.5 | (3,8)* 4.6 | 8 | 2.5 | 2 |
| Number of ads/1km of road | 0 | 9.5 | (19)* 16 | 1.5 | 14 | 1.5 |
[i] * (data of 2015) – data update in 2018 did not show a significant influence of the advertising act on the number and size of advertisements in relation to the data of 2015. The number of ads declined, which was connected with the following, e.g. some advertisers stopped their activity, an alternative – faster road was constructed and traffic was reduced in the studied area. The total advertising area slightly dwindled, and at the same time the mean area increased as a result of the change of the old and outdated form into a new one.
Fig. 2C
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregations
Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 2D
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregations
Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 3A–B
Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodies
Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 3C–D
Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK); 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodies
Source: own elaboration.
Fig. 4
Examples of not harmonious solutions for the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – unfavorable location of an advertisement – visual competition with a historic object; B – destroyed and outdated ads degrading a landscape; C – unfavourable location of an advertisement – competing visually with a protected landscape and information signs; D – information chaos.
Fig. 5
Examples of good practice in the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – a favourable selection of the location and the color and size of the advertising device in relation to the environment; B – a good example of an integrated/systemic advertisement; C – harmonious combination of an advertisement and fencing; D – harmonious adjustment of a location, shape and material of an advertising medium to a service and commercial facility.