Table 1
Stages of shaping cluster policy in Russia.
| Name of the period/phase | Years | Main features |
|---|---|---|
| Soviet period | until 1991 | Shaping Territorial-Production Complexes and energy-production cycles as spatial forms of organising economy |
| Period of regional cluster initiatives | 1991–2006 | Creating and developing cluster prototypes in Russia’s regions, implemented as part of the regional policy of the Russian Federation entities |
| Period of clustering of the innovative sphere | 2006–2007 | Development of clustering as part of special technical and implementation economic zones |
| Period of state cluster initiatives | 2007–2014 | Developing a legal framework for clustering, forming technological platforms, active state support for innovation and territorial clusters |
| Period of activation of regional cluster initiatives | from 2014 until now | Active creation and development of clusterinitiatives based on innovation, inter-company links and the development of competitiveness |
[i] Source: own study.
Table 2
Selected indicators of special technical-implementation economic zones of the Russian Federation in 2012 and 2014 (cumulative values).
| Unit | Number of jobs | Taxes paid by SSE residents as percentage of taxes collected in the region (%) | Value of investment (million rouble) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2014 | 2012 | 2014 | 2012 | 2014 | |
| Saint Petersburg | 435 | 966 | 0,2 | 0,1 | 2337 | 4225 |
| Moscow | 794 | 1062 | 0,01 | 0,01 | 2162 | 1832 |
| Moscow Oblast | 1036 | 1684 | 0,02 | 0,03 | 2068 | 3109 |
| Tomsk Oblast | 1085 | 1474 | 0,16 | 0,23 | 3708 | 1457 |
| The Republic of Tatarstan | SEZ established in November 2012. No data on the evaluation of efficiency for the givenperiod | |||||
[i] Source: own study based on data of the Ministry of Economic Development of the RF http://economy.gov.ru/minec/main/.
Fig. 1
Spatial distribution of clusters in the federal districts of Russia (2008–2017).
Source: own compilation based on: http://economy.gov.ru/minec/main and http://map.cluster.hse.ru/list.
Fig. 2
Number of cluster participants in Russia by regions in 2017 (in %). The total number of participants: 3442.
Source: own compilation based on: Karta klasterov…
Fig. 3
Employment in clusters in Russia by regions in 2017 (in %). The total number of employees: 1,452,870 people.
Source: own compilation based on: Karta klasterov…
Table 3
Selected data for clusters of the high and middle organisational level in the Russian Federation.
| Cluster | Placement | Specialisation | Number of participants | Number of employees | Year of starting | Level of organisation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kamsky innovative territorial and production cluster | The Republic of Tatarstan | Automotive and production of auto components | 213 | 151,561 | 2012 | High | 1 |
| Petrochemical territorial cluster | The Republic of Bashkortostan | Chemical production | 187 | 30,497 | 2012 | High | 1 |
| Consortium scientific-educational-production cluster “Ulyanovsk-Avia” | Ulyanovsk Oblast | Aircraft building | 77 | 30,028 | 2009 | High | 1 |
| Biotechnological innovation territorial cluster of Pushchino | Moscow Oblast | Industrial biotechnologies | 68 | 8,706 | 2012 | Average | 1 |
| Development of information technologies cluster | St. Petersburg | Information and communication technologies | 66 | 20,838 | 1999 | High | 1 2 |
| Udmurt machine-building cluster | Udmurt Republic | Defense industry | 61 | 36,211 | 2015 | High | 1 2 |
| Innovative cluster of information and biopharmaceutical technologies | Novosibirsk Oblast | Information and communication technologies | 60 | 12,869 | 2013 | High | 1 |
| Pharmaceutical, biotechnology and biomedicine cluster | Kaluga Oblast | Pharmaceuticals | 54 | 11,259 | 2012 | High | 1 2 |
| Nuclear-innovation cluster in Dimitrovgrad | Ulyanovsk Oblast | Nuclear and radiation technology | 54 | 26,470 | 2010 | High | 1 2 |
| Innovative territorial cluster “Zelenograd” | Moscow | Microelectronics and instrument making | 53 | 7,772 | 2013 | Average | 1 |
| Complex processing of coal and production waste | Kemerovo Oblast | Environmental protection and recycling | 46 | 8,015 | 2012 | Average | 1 2 |
| Innovative territorial cluster “Technopolis” New Star | Perm Krai | Space industry | 44 | 34,696 | 2012 | Average | 1 |
| Innovative territorial cluster of fibre-optic technologies “Photonics” | Perm Krai | Optics and photonics | 34 | 15,762 | 2014 | Average | 1 3 |
| The territorial and branch cluster AGROPOLIS “ALKYAGROBIOPROM” | The Republic of Tatarstan | Environmental protection and recycling | 32 | 1,025 | 2014 | Average | 1 |
| Innovative territorial timber industry cluster “PomorInnovaLes” | Arkhangelsk Oblast | Forestry and woodworking; pulp and paper industry | 31 | 20,110 | 2014 | Average | 3 |
| Cluster of information technologies | Vologda Oblast | Information and communication technologies | 31 | 871 | 2013 | Average | 2 |
| Moscow cluster of medical technologies “Yuzhny” | Moscow | Medical industry | 29 | 12,182 | 2015 | Average | – |
| Energy-efficient lighting technology and intelligent lighting control systems | The Republic of Mordovia | Microelectronics and instrument making | 24 | 9,866 | 2013 | Average | 1 |
| Shipbuilding Innovative Territorial Cluster | Arkhangelsk Oblast | Shipbuilding | 23 | 50,417 | 2012 | Average | 1 2 |
| Engineering-production cluster “Biomed” | Penza Oblast | Medical industry | 15 | 2,264 | 2012 | Average | 2 3 |
| Innovative territorial aerospace cluster | Samara Oblast | Space industry | 13 | 43,257 | 2012 | Average | 1 |
| Cluster of medical, pharmaceutical industry, radiation technologies | St. Petersburg | Pharmaceuticals | 13 | 3,626 | 2011 | Average | 1 2 |
[i] The level of organisational development of the cluster (low, average, high) is formed depending on the number of confirmed parameters of the cluster initiative approved by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation (share of the maximum number of criteria).
[ii] 1 – Included in the list of pilot innovative territorial clusters;
[iii] 2 – Supported by the cluster development centre within the framework of the program of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia for supporting small and medium-sized enterprises;
[iv] 3 – Included in the list of industrial clusters, approved by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia.
[v] Source: http://map.cluster.hse.ru.