Child Mortality Trends and in Association with Macroeconomic Factors in the Baltic States (2008–2018)
References
- Centrālā statistikas pārvalde (CSB) [Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia]. Statistical Database. Accessed 2021, several times. www.csb.gov.
- Collison, D., Dey, C., Hannah, G., Stevenson, L. (2007). Income inequality and child mortality in wealthy nations. J. Publ. Health, 29 (2), 114–117.
- Ebela, I., Zile, I., Ebela, D. R., Rozenfelde, I. R. (2013). Infant mortality gap in the Baltic region — Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania — in relation to macroeconomic factors in 1996–2010. Medicina (Kaunas), 49 (10), 453–461.
- Eesti Statistika [Statistics Estonia]. Statistical Database. Accessed 2021, several times. www.stat.ee.
- Lietuvos Statistika [Statistics Lithuania]. Statistical Database. Accessed 2021, several times. www.stat.gov.lt.
- Maruthappu, M., Watson, R. A., Watkins, J., Zeltner, T., Raine, R., Atun, R. (2017). Effects of economic downturns on child mortality: A global economic analysis, 1981–2010. BMJ Global Health, 2(e000157).
- Owusu, P. A., Sarkodie, S. A., Pedersen, P. A. (2021). Relationship between mortality and health care expenditure: Sustainable assessment of health care system. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0247413.
- Raghunathan, P. L., Madhi, S. A., Breiman, R. F. (2019). Illuminating child mortality: Discovering why children die. Clin. Infect. Dis., 69 (4), S257–S259.
- Ray, D., Linden, M. (2018). Health, inequality and income: A global study using simultaneous model. Econ. Struct., 7, 22.
- Rebouças, P., Falcão, I. R., Barreto, M. L. (2002). Social inequalities and their impact on children’s health: A current and global perspective. J. Pediatr (Rio J.), 98 (Suppl. 1), S55–565.
- Salber, Nadine, A. (2019). The infant mortality gap in the Baltic region. Master’s Thesis. University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine. https://dspace.lu.lv/items/dc89d4fc-8521-4d33-bb91-de317b0f90cd
- Samarawickrama, P. A., Fernando, G., Bernadeen, R., Jayasuriya, N., Pathirana, U. (2025). Macroeconomic determinants of child mortality in low and lower-middle-income nations. Int. J. Sociol. Soc. Pol., 45 (5–6), 586–605.
- Sanhueza, A., Cueva, D. A., Mujica, O. J., Soliz, P., Duran, P. (2024). Income inequality as a determinant of neonatal mortality in the Americas during 2000–2019: Implications for the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal target 3.2. Int. J. Equity Health, 23 (1), 109.
- UNICEF Data Warehouse. Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) [Data series]. UN-IGME estimates, retrieved from UNICEF Data Warehouse. Accessed 8.12.2024. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality.
- United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). Levels and trends in child mortality. Report 2024. March 24, 2025. Accessed 17.11.2025. https://data.unicef.org/resources/levels-and-trends-in-child-mortality-2024/?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
- World Bank. Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) [Data series]. World Development Indicators, retrieved from World Bank database. Accessed 8.12.2024. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?end=2023&locations=EU&start=1995.
- You, D., Jones, G., Hill, K., Wardlaw, T., Chopra, M. (2010). Levels and trends in child mortality, 1990–2009. Lancet, 376 (9745), 931–933.
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 7
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2026
Accepted on: Mar 6, 2026
Published on: May 25, 2026
Published by: Latvian Academy of Sciences
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Inguna Ebela, Mohamed El-Mumin, Danute Ražuka-Ebela, Ņikita Šapurovs, Ingrīda Rumba-Rozenfelde, Romualds Ražuks, published by Latvian Academy of Sciences
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.