References
- Wissel J, Manack A, Brainin MJN. Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity. Neurology. (2013) 80: S13–9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182762448
- Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM., Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK. Prevalence of spasticity post stroke.ClinRehabil. 2002; 16: 515 522.
- Lance JW. Spasticity: disordered motor control. Miami. (1980) 485–500.
- Pandyan A, Gregoric M, Barnes M, Wood D, Van Wijck F, Burridge J, et al. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil. (2005) 27: 2–6. doi: 10.1080/09638280400014576
- Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Ziegler E, Bruno MA, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Spasticity after stroke: physiology, assessment and treatment. Brain Inj. 2013; 27(10): 1093–105.
- Carey JR, Burghardt TP. Movement dysfunction following central nervous system lesions: a problem of neurologic or muscular impairment? Phys Ther. 1993 Aug; 73(8): 538–47.
- Boissonnault È, Jeon A, Munin MC, Filippetti M, Picelli A, Haldane C, Reebye R. Assessing muscle architecture with ultrasound: implications for spasticity. Eur J Transl Myol. 2024 May 30; 34(2): 12397. doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2024.12397. PMID: 38818772; PMCID: PMC11264226.
- d’Agostino MC, Craig K, Tibalt E, Respizzi S. Shock wave as biological therapeutic tool: From mechanical stimulation to recovery and healing, through mechanotransduction. Int J Surg. 2015 Dec; 24(Pt B): 147–53.
- Cabanas-Valdés R, Serra-Llobet P, Rodriguez-Rubio PR, López-de-Celis C, Llauró-Fores M, Calvo-Sanz J. The effectiveness of extracor-poreal shock wave therapy for improving upper limb spasticity and functionality in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Sep; 34(9): 1141–1156. doi: 10.1177/0269215520932196. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PMID: 32513019.
- Manganotti P, Amelio E. Long-term effect of shock wave therapy on upper limb hypertonia in patients affected by stroke. Stroke. 2005 Sep; 36(9): 1967–71. Epub 2005 Aug 18.
- Troncati F, Paci M, Myftari T, Lombardi B. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy reduces upper limb spasticity and improves motricity in patients with chronic hemiplegia:a case series. NeuroRehabilitation2013; vol.33: 399–405
- Daliri SS, Forogh B, Emami Razavi SZ, Ahadi T, Madjlesi F, Ansari NN. A single blind, clinical trial to investigate the effects of a single session extracorporeal shock wave therapy on wrist flexor spasticity after stroke. NeuroRehabilitation.2015; 36(1): 67–72.
- Dymarek R, Taradaj J, Rosińczuk J. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Stimulation as Alternative Treatment Modality for Wrist and Fingers Spasticity in Poststroke Patients: A Prospective, Open-Label, Preliminary Clinical Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016; 2016: 4648101
- Li TY, Chang CY, Chou YC, Chen LC, Chu HY, Chiang SL, et al. Effect of Radial Shock Wave Therapy on Spasticity of the Upper Limb in Patients With Chronic Stroke: A Prospective, Randomized, Single Blind, Controlled Trial.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 May; 95(18): e3544.
- Brashear A, Zafonte R, Corcoran M, Galvez-Jimenez N, Gracies J-M, Gordon MF, et al. Inter- andintrarater reliability of the Ashworth Scale and the DisabilityAssessment Scale in patients with upper-limb poststrokespasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil2002;83: 1349–54.
- Brashear A, Gordon MF, Elovic E, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study of the safety and efficacy of Botox (botulinum toxin type A) purified neurotoxin complex in the treatment of focal upper limb spasticity post-stroke [abstract]. Neurology 2001; 56 Suppl 3: A78.
- Gordon MF, Brashear A, Elovic E, Kassicieh D, Marciniak C, Liu J, et al. Repeated dosing of botulinum toxin type A for upper‐limb spasticity following stroke. Neurology 2004; 63: 1971–1973.
- Watanabe, T. The role of therapy in spasticity management. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004, 83, S45–S49. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santamato A, Notarnicola A, Panza F, Ranieri M, Micello MF, Manganotti P, et al. SBOTE study: extracorporeal shock wave therapy versus electrical stimulation after botulinum toxin type a injection for post-stroke spasticity-a prospective randomized trial. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2013 Feb; 39(2): 283–91.
- Guo J, Qian S, Wang Y, Xu A. Clinical study of combined mirror and extracorporeal shock wave therapy on upper limb spasticity in poststroke patients. Int J Rehabil Res. 2018 Sep 11.
- Picelli, A.; Santamato, A.; Chemello, E.; Cinone, N.; Cisari, C.; Gandolf, M.; Ranieri, M.; Smania, N.; Baricich, A. Adjuvant treatments associated with botulinum toxin injection for managing spasticity: An overview of the literature. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2019, 62, 291–296. [Cross-Ref] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.; Yang, S.N. Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy after Botulinum Toxin Injection for Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Spasticity: A Randomized Controlled Study. Toxins 2024, 16, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16040197
- Shtefan, V.; Fletcher, J.; Duclos, O.A. Causes of Botulinum Toxin Treatment Failure. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol. 2022, 15, 1045–1049. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bellows, S.; Jankovic, J. Immunogenicity Associated with Botulinum Toxin Treatment. Toxins 2019, 11, 491. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Srinoulprasert, Y.; Kantaviro, W.; Nokdhes, Y.N.; Patthamalai, P.; Dowdon, L.; Chawengkiattikul, R.; Wanitphakdeedecha, R. Development of inhibition ELISA to detect antibody-induced failure of botulinum toxin a therapy in cosmetic indications. J. Immunol. Methods. 2019, 473, 112635. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Young RR. Spasticity: a review. Neurology. 1994 Nov; 44(11 Suppl 9): S12–20.
- de Gooijer-van de Groep KL, de Groot JH, van der Krogt H, de Vlugt E, Arendzen JH, Meskers CGM. Early Shortening of Wrist Flexor Muscles Coincides With Poor Recovery After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2018 Jun; 32(6–7): 645–654.
- Vattanasilp W, Ada L, Crosbie J. Contribution of thixotropy, spasticity, and contracture to ankle stiffness after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000 Jul; 69(1): 34–9.
- Malouin F, Bonneau C, Pichard L, Corriveau D. Non-reflex mediated changes in plantarflexor muscles early after stroke. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1997 Sep; 29(3): 147–53.
- Faturi FM, Lopes Santos G, Ocamoto GN, Russo TL. Structural muscular adaptations in upper limb after stroke: a systematic review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2018 Sep 17: 1–7.
- Yang YB, Zhang J, Leng ZP, Chen X, Song WQ. Evaluation of spasticity after stroke by using ultrasound to measure the muscle architecture parameters: a clinical study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014 Sep 15; 7(9): 2712–7.
- Welmer AK, Widén Holmqvist L, Sommerfeld DK. Location and severity of spasticity in the first 1-2 weeks and at 3 and 18 months after stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2010 May; 17(5): 720–5.
- Mariotto S, Cavalieri E, Amelio E, Campa AR, Carcereri de Prati A, Marlinghaus E, et al. Extracorporeal shock waves: from lithotripsy to anti-inflammatory action by NO production. Nitric Oxide 2005; 12: 89–96.
- Amelio, E.; Manganotti, P. Effect of shock wave stimulation on hypertonic plantar flexor muscles in patients with cerebral palsy: A placebo-controlled study. J. Rehabil. Med. 2010, 42, 339–343. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, D.S.; Kwon, D.R.; Park, G.Y.; Lee, M.Y. Therapeutic Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy According to Treatment Session on Gastrocnemius Muscle Spasticity in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2015, 39, 914–921. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ciampa AR, Carcereri de Prati A, Amelio E, Cavalieri E, Persichini T, Colasanti M, et al. Nitric oxide mediates anti-inflammatory action of extracorporeal shock waves. FEBS Letts 2005; 579: 6839–6845.
- Blottner D, Luck G. Just in time and place: NOS/NO system assembly in neuromuscular junc formation. Micros Res Tech 2001; 55: 171–180.
- Moon SW, Kim JH, Jung MJ, Son S, Lee JH, Shin H, et al. The effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on lower limb spasticity in subacute stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013 Aug; 37(4): 461–70.
- Picelli A, La Marchina E, Gajofatto F, Pontillo A, Vangelista A, Filippini R, Baricich A, Cisari C, Smania N. Dev Neurorehabil. Sonographic and clinical effects of botulinum toxin Type A combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy on spastic muscles of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Neurorehabil. 2017 Apr; 20(3): 160–164.