Figure 1.
Routine assessment of cardiopulmonaryCP risk in COPD and triggers for referral (9, 11, 18). *Smoking history, environmental exposure, family history of respiratory diseases, and so forth. bEOS, blood eosinophils; CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CP, cardiopulmonary; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiogram; mMRC, (modified) Medical Research Council DyspneaDyspnoea; OCS, oral corticosteroid; PA, physical activity; SABA, short-acting bronchodilator.
Figure 2.
Main aspects to be included and addressed in the COPD hospital discharge protocol (9, 25, 31). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HCPs, healthcare professionals.
Figure 3.
The mechanism underlying the frequent coexistence of COPD and CVD (2, 7, 8). COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction.