Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Correlation between BSI, FACED scores, and laboratory findings
| Variable | BSI score | FACED score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlation coefficient | P-value | Correlation coefficient | P-value | |
| CBC: | r = 0.29 | 0.02* | r = 0.26 | 0.04* |
| Neutrophils | r = 0.26 | 0.04* | r = 0.24 | 0.051 |
| Lymphocyte | r = 0.23 | 0.06 | r = 0.09 | 0.48 |
| Eosinophils | r = 0.24 | 0.06 | r = 0.1 | 0.41 |
| Platelet | r = 0.16 | 0.21 | r = 0.24 | 0.06 |
| Haemoglobin | r = 0.2 | 0.11 | r = 0.11 | 0.37 |
| ESR | r = 0.34 | 0.01* | r = 0.32 | 0.01* |
| Albumin g/dL | r = –0.16 | 0.2 | r = –0.15 | 0.24 |
| Fibrinogen mg/dL | r = 0.64 | <0.001* | r = 0.61 | <0.001* |
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the studied patients_
| Variable | Summary statistics (n = 65) n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age: Mean ± SD | 45.83 ± 16.23 |
| Gender: | |
| Female | 37 (56.9) |
| Male | 28 (43.1) |
| BMI: Mean kg/m2 ± SD | 22.11 ± 4.39 |
| Smoking: | |
| Non-smokers | 37 (56.9) |
| Current | 13 (20) |
| Ex-smoker | 15 (23.1) |
| Comorbidities: | |
| Yes | 41 (63.1) |
| No | 24 (36.9) |
| Comorbidities: | |
| Hypertension | 15 (23.1) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 10 (15.4) |
| CVD | 32 (49.2) |
Clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters of the studied patients_
| Variable | Summary statistics (n = 65) n (%) |
|---|---|
| CBC: mean ± SD | |
| WBCs 109/L | 11.66 ± 5.04 |
| Neutrophils | 8.88 ± 4.49 |
| Lymphocyte | 1.54 ± 0.69 |
| Eosinophils | 0.04 ± 0.07 |
| Platelet | 317.55 ± 103.87 |
| Haemoglobin | 12.34 ± 2.07 |
| ESR | 41.31 ± 20.62 |
| Albumin g/dL | 3.22 ± 0.49 |
| Fibrinogen mg/dL | 432.17 ± 63.3 |
| FEV1% | 55.69 ± 15.63 |
| Respiratory failure | |
| Yes | 20 (30.8) |
| No | 45 (69.2) |
| Number of affected lobes | |
| 0–2 | 35 (53.8) |
| ≥3 | 30 (46.2) |
| Radiologic appearance | |
| Cylindrical | 21 (32.3) |
| Cystic | 39 (60) |
| Varicose | 5 (7.7) |
| Pseudomonas colonisation | |
| No | 33 (50.8) |
| Yes | 32 (49.2) |
| Previous hospital admission | |
| No | 22 (33.8) |
| Yes | 43 (66.2) |
| Number of follow-up exacerbations | |
| 0–2 | 28 (43.1) |
| ≥3 | 37 (56.9) |
| MRC dyspnoea scale | |
| 0–2 | 18 (27.7) |
| ≥3 | 47 (72.3) |
| Number of previous exacerbations | |
| 0–2 | 26 (40) |
| ≥3 | 39 (60) |
| BSI score: mean ± SD | 9.29 ± 4.46 |
| Severity of bronchiectasis according to BSI score Mild | 14 (21.5) |
| Moderate | 13 (20) |
| Severe | 38 (58.5) |
| FACED score: mean ± SD | 3.6 ± 1.75 |
| Severity of bronchiectasis according to FACED score Mild | 21 (32.3) |
| Moderate | 11 (16.9) |
| Severe | 33 (50.8) |
Cut-off point of serum fibrinogen level in predicting the occurrence of high-frequency exacerbations_
| Area under curve | P–value | 95% CI | Cut-off point | Sensitivity | Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.91 | <0.001* | 0.84:99 | 416.5 | 87% | 89% |
Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses of factors associated with BSI and FACED scores
| Variable | BSI score | FACED score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
| Unadjusted B (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted B (95% CI) | P-value | Unadjusted B (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted B (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 0.06 (–0.01:0.13) | 0.07 | 0.02 (–0.01:0.05) | 0.17 | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smokers | 3.24 (0.5:5.97) | 0.02* | –0.35 (–2.78:2.08) | 0.77 | 1.75 (0.72:2.77) | 0.001* | 0.6 (–0.41:1.61) | 0.42 |
| Current | 3.15 (0.56:5.74) | 0.02* | 2.31 (0.33:4.29) | 0.02* | 1.32 (0.35:2.3) | 0.01* | 1.1 (0.29:1.92) | 0.01* |
| Ex-smoker | ||||||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Yes | –0.59 (–2.9:1.71) | 0.61 | –0.2 (–1.11:0.72) | 0.67 | ||||
| No | ||||||||
| CBC: WBCs 109/L | 0.26 (0.04:0.47) | 0.02* | 0.64 (0.01:1.27) | 0.048* | 0.09 (0.003:0.17) | 0.04* | 0.03 (–0.03:0.11) | 0.28 |
| Neutrophils | 0.25 (0.01:0.5) | 0.04* | –0.63 (–1.34:0.08) | 0.08 | 0.1 (0:0.19) | 0.051 | ||
| Lymphocyte | 1.51 (–0.07:3.09) | 0.06 | 0.23 (–0.42:0.87) | 0.48 | ||||
| Eosinophils | 16.27 (–0.44:32.98) | 0.06 | 2.84 (–3.97:9.64) | 0.41 | ||||
| Platelet | 0.01 (0:0.02) | 0.21 | 0 (0:0.01) | 0.06 | ||||
| Haemoglobin | 0.44 (–0.1:0.97) | 0.11 | 0.1 (–0.12:0.31) | 0.37 | ||||
| ESR | 0.07 (0.02:0.12) | 0.01* | 0.03 (–0.01:0.08) | 0.13 | 0.03 (0.01:0.05) | 0.01* | 0.01 (–0.01:0.03) | 0.39 |
| Albumin g/dL | -1.47 (–3.76:0.81) | 0.2 | –0.54 (–1.45:0.37) | 0.24 | ||||
| Fibrinogen mg/dL | 0.04 (0.03:0.06) | <0.001* | 0.04 (0.03:0.06) | <0.001* | 0.02 (0.01:0.02) | <0.001* | 0.01 (0:01.02) | <0.001* |
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of factors associated with follow-up exacerbation among the studied patients
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 1 (0.97:1.03) | 0.89 | ||
| BMI kg/m2 | 0.97 (0.86:1.08) | 0.57 | ||
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smokers | 1 | 0.03* | 1 | 0.16 |
| Current | 6.47 (1.26:33.34) | 0.36 | 10.17 (0.4:258.41) | 0.84 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.77 (0.52:5.97) | 1.25 (0.14:11.09) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Yes | 0.91 (0.33:2.53) 1 | 0.86 | ||
| No | 1 | |||
| Fibrinogen mg/dL | 1.04 (1.02:1.06) | < 0.001* | 1.03 (1.001:1.06) | 0.046* |
| FEV1% | 0.94 (0.9:0.97) | 0.001* | 1.01 (0.94:1.1) | 0.75 |
| Respiratory failure | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| No | 2.01 (0.69:5.85) | |||
| Number of affected lobes | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 | 0.15 | ||
| ≥3 | 2.12 (0.77:5.8) | |||
| Radiologic appearance | ||||
| Cylindrical | 1 | 0.02* | 1 | 0.43 |
| Cystic | 4 (1.3:12.33) | 0.09 | 0.38 (0.03:4.31) | 0.98 |
| Varicose | 8 (0.75:85.73) | 1.06 (0.02:57.05) | ||
| Pseudomonas colonisation | ||||
| No | 1 | 0.001* | 1 | 0.91 |
| Yes | 6.25 (2.09:18.74) | 1.13 (0.13:9.97) | ||
| Previous hospital admission | ||||
| No | 1 | < 0.001* | 1 | 0.11 |
| Yes | 14.85 (4.07:54.16) | 6.14 (0.66:56.8) | ||
| MRC dyspnoea scale | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 | 0.001* | 1 | 0.32 |
| ≥3 | 8.25 (2.31:29.52) | 3.85 (0.27:55.13) | ||
| Previous exacerbations: | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 | < 0.001* | 1 | 0.04* |
| ≥3 | 19.2 (5.38:68.56) | 6.75 (1.11:41.26) | ||