Wavelet Analysis of the Vertical Ground Reaction Force Acting on the Forefoot (vGRF_F) During the Romberg Test

Adam Czaplicki; Marcin Śliwa

doi:10.2478/pjst-2026-0014

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Wavelet Analysis of the Vertical Ground Reaction Force Acting on the Forefoot (vGRF_F) During the Romberg Test

Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

Volume 33 (2026): Issue 3 (September 2026)

By: Adam Czaplicki and Marcin Śliwa

Open Access

|Sep 2026

Abstract

Introduction. The primary objective of this study was to perform a wavelet analysis of the time-course of the vertical ground reaction force acting on the forefoot (vGRF_F) during the Romberg test. The secondary objective was to conduct a time-frequency energy analysis of this signal.

Material and Methods. The study included 93 female volleyball players (age: 15.29 ± 0.49 years, body height: 174.14 ± 7.36 cm, body mass: 62.67 ± 9.41 kg). The participants performed the test on a treadmill (Noraxon FDM-T) equipped with a high-resolution pressure sensor matrix. A time-frequency analysis of the signal originating from the treadmill was conducted using the Morse wavelet.

Results. The average percentage contribution of signal energy in three analyzed frequency bands and the inter-band energy flow were determined as a function of eye status (open vs. closed) during the Romberg test.

Conclusions. Appropriately preprocessed, the vGRF_F signal can serve as a viable alternative to traditional stabilographic metrics. It possesses high discriminative capability, particularly within the low-frequency range of 0.05 to 1 Hz.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2026-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2082-8799 | Journal ISSN: 1899-1998

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Language: English

Page range: 3 - 8

Submitted on: Jul 29, 2026

Accepted on: Aug 29, 2026

Published on: Sep 25, 2026

Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Related subjects:

Sports and recreation,

Sports and recreation, other

© 2026 Adam Czaplicki, Marcin Śliwa, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 33 (2026): Issue 3 (September 2026)