Anthropometric and Physical Fitness Differences Between Polish and Romanian Physical Education Students: A Sex-Specific Perspective
References
- Wilczewski A., Chaliburda I., Kuśmierczyk P. (2025). Changes in body build and physical fitness of PE students in the years 1989–2004–2014–2024. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 32(1), 26-30. DOI: 10.2478/pjst-2025-0005
- Dao C.T., Ha M.D. (2024). The effect of the sports club model on the physical fitness improvement of female students at Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 31(3), 28-34. DOI: 10.2478/pjst-2024-0019
- Srisuk S. (2024). The impact of a targeted physical activity promotion program on physical fitness of undergraduate students at Nakhon Phanom University. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 31(3), 35-39. DOI: 10.2478/pjst-2024-0020
- Barker D., Quennerstedt M., Johansson A., Korp P. (2021). Fit for the job? How corporeal expectations shape physical education teachers’ understandings of content, pedagogy, and the purposes of physical education. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 28(1), 29-42. DOI: 10.1080/17408989.2021.1934664
- Guo T., Zhang Y., Wang L. (2024). The relationship between BMI and physical fitness among university students. Frontiers in Physiology 15, 1435157. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1435157
- Li Y., Shi N., Tao Y. (2025). Associations between body mass index and health-related physical fitness among Chinese university students: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 7, 1638381. DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1638381
- Milanese C., Itani L., Cavedon V., Saadeddine D., Raggi S. et al. (2025). Revising BMI cut-off points for overweight and obesity in male athletes: An analysis based on multivariable model-building. Nutrients 17(5), 908. DOI: 10.3390/nu17050908
- Sweatt K., Garvey W.T., Martins C. (2024). Strengths and limitations of BMI in the diagnosis of obesity: What is the path forward? Current Obesity Reports 13(3), 584-595. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00580-1
- Sun F., He Q., Sun X., Wang J. (2022). The association between body mass index and muscular fitness in Chinese college freshmen. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(21), 14060. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114060
- Podstawski R., Borysławski K., Katona Z.B., Alföldi Z., Boraczyński M. et al. (2022). Sex differences in anthropometric and physiological profiles of Hungarian rowers of different ages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(13), 8115. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138115
- Petri C., Campa F., Holway F., Pengue L., Arrones L.S. (2024). ISAK-based anthropometric standards for elite male and female soccer players. Sports 12(3), 69. DOI: 10.3390/sports12030069
- Guo S., Izydorczyk B., Lipowska M., Kamionka A., Lizińczyk S. et al. (2023). Socio-cultural attitudes toward the body as a predictor of motivation for physical activity in young people brought up in Asian and European culture: Chinese-Polish comparison. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation 15(1), 52. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00662-y
- Kyrychenko V., Deak G.F., Pop N.H., Gomboș L., Andrieieva O., Khrypko I. (2023). Comparative analysis of physical fitness of physical education major Romanian and Ukrainian students. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 68(3), 5-19. DOI: 10.24193/subbeag.68(3).19
- Kyrychenko V., Deak G.F., Pop N.H., Gomboș L. (2023a). Features of physical development and physical fitness of students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Babeș-Bolyai University. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 23(2), 510-516. DOI: 10.7752/jpes.2023.02063
- Fugiel J., Kochan-Jacheć K., Koźlenia D., Domaradzki J. (2022). Changes in anthropometric measurements and physical fitness of Polish students in a 20-year period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(24), 16885. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416885
- Radakovic R., Majkic B., Katanic B., Govindasamy K., Veljkovic A.A. et al. (2025). Differences in anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of professional football players from leading and average teams in Serbian Super League. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation 17(1), 111. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-025-01168-5
- Council of Europe (1988). Eurofit: Handbook for the Eurofit tests of physical fitness. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, Committee for the Development of Sport.
- Lakens D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 863. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
- Deak G.F., Kyrychenko V., Pop N.H., Khurtenko O., Zhovtenko Y., et al. (2025). Clustering undergraduate students enrolled in physical education majors in Romania and Ukraine based on their physical fitness levels. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 25(1), 167-174. DOI: 10.7752/jpes.2025.01019
- Childs J.D., Teyhen D.S., Benedict T.M., Morris J.B., Fortenberry A.D. et al. (2009). Effects of sit-up training versus core stabilization exercises on sit-up performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41(11), 2072-2083. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a84db2
- Kons R.L., Orssatto L.B.R., Ache-Dias J., De Pauw K., Meeusen R. et al. (2023). Effects of plyometric training on physical performance: An umbrella review. Sports Medicine – Open 9, 4. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00550-8
- Ramirez-Campillo R., Sortwell A., Moran J., Afonso J., Clemente F.M. et al. (2023). Plyometric-jump training effects on physical fitness and sport-specific performance according to maturity: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine – Open 9(1), 23. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00568-6
- Gabriel D.A., Kamen G., Frost G. (2006). Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: Mechanisms and recommendations for training practices. Sports Medicine 36(2), 133-149. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200636020-00004
- Škarabot J., Ansdell P., Brownstein C.G., Howatson G. (2021). The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training. European Journal of Applied Physiology 121(3), 675-685. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04567-3
- Tsigilis N., Douda H., Tokmakidis S.P. (2002). Test–retest reliability of the Eurofit test battery administered to university students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 95(3), 1295-1300. DOI: 10.2466/pms.2002.95.3f.1295
- Mathisen T.F., Ackland T., Burke L.M., Constantini N., Haudum J. et al. (2023). Best practice recommendations for body composition considerations in sport to reduce health and performance risks. British Journal of Sports Medicine 57(17), 1148-1158. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106812
- Wagner D.R., Heath E.M., Harper S.A., Cafferty E.A., Teramoto M. et al. (2024). Multicomponent body composition of university club sport athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 22(1), 2446575. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2446575
- NAWA/ENIC-NARIC Poland (2020). Education system in Poland. Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. Warsaw.
- CNRED (2023). Education system in Romania. Romania National Centre for Recognition and Equivalence of Diplomas. Retrieved 21 January, 2026 from: https://cnred.edu.ro/en/education-system-in-romania/
- Hunter S.K. (2024). Sex differences in human performance. The Journal of Physiology 602(7), 1351-1371. DOI: 10.1113/JP284198
- Hunter S.K., Angadi S.S., Bhargava A., Harper J., Hirschberg A.L. et al. (2023). The biological basis of sex differences in athletic performance: Consensus statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Translational Journal of the ACSM 8(4), 1-33. DOI: 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000236
- Nieto-Acevedo R., Romero-Moraleda B., Díaz-Lara F.J., de la Rubia A., González-García J. et al. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the differences in mean propulsive velocity between men and women in different exercises. Sports 11, 118. DOI: 10.3390/sports11060118
- Nuzzo J.L. (2025). Sex differences in upper- and lower-limb muscle strength: Implications for performance testing. European Journal of Sport Science 25(5), 781-793. DOI: 10.1002/ejcs.12282
- Bchini S., Ratel S., Souissi N., Vandewalle H., Sghaier D. (2023). Influence of muscle volume on jumping performance in adult males and females. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 15, 52. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00639-x
- Solli G.S., Sandbakk Ø., Tønnessen E. (2024). Sex differences in performance and their development across endurance sports: An updated review. Sports Medicine – Open 10, 82. DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00792-8
- Podstawski R., Kosendiak A., Wilczyński K., Fecica L., Kulesza P. (2024). 30 years of change: Declining motor fitness and anthropometric characteristics among Polish university students, 1994–2024. Life 14(10), 1325. DOI: 10.3390/life14101325
- Geantă V.A., Ardelean V.P., Dulceanu C., Bulzan C., Forț P.R. et al. (2025). Health-related physical fitness of Romanian university students: The European Fitness Badge approach. Healthcare 13, 1966. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13161966
- Koo T.K., Li M.Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 15(2), 155-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
- Tanineh W., Jones I., Nahhas R. (2023). Cardiorespiratory fitness, motor coordination, and health-related physical fitness among adolescents: Measurement properties and associations. Global Pediatric Health 10, 2333794X231207311. DOI: 10.1177/2333794X231207311
Language: English
Page range: 43 - 49
Submitted on: Feb 13, 2026
Accepted on: Mar 9, 2026
Published on: Jul 14, 2026
Published by: University of Physical Education in Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Related subjects:
© 2026 Agnieszka Wasiluk, Viktoria Kyrychenko, Grațiela-Flavia Deak, Jerzy Saczuk, Robert Wilczewski, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.