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Roars vs. Results: A Natural Experiment on Spectator Impact in Elite European Football Leagues Cover

Roars vs. Results: A Natural Experiment on Spectator Impact in Elite European Football Leagues

Open Access
|Jan 2026

Authors

Maciej Jaguszewski

Calculation Department, Poznań University of Physical Education

Jan M. Konarski

konarski@awf.poznan.pl

Theory of Sport Department, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poland

Magdalena Lewandowska

Calculation Department, Poznań University of Physical Education

Tomas Maly

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Czech Republic

Bert B. Little

University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, United States of America

Robert M. Malina

University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, United States of America
University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, United States of America
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2025-0022 | Journal eISSN: 2082-8799 | Journal ISSN: 1899-1998
Language: English
Page range: 11 - 17
Submitted on: Oct 24, 2025
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Accepted on: Dec 20, 2025
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Published on: Jan 18, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Maciej Jaguszewski, Jan M. Konarski, Magdalena Lewandowska, Tomas Maly, Bert B. Little, Robert M. Malina, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.