Figure 1
Synthesis procedure of dual-shell nanomaterials.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 2
Chemical reaction equations for Step 1.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 3
Chemical reaction equations for Step 2.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 4
Chemical reaction equations for shell layer preparation.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 5
Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus for displacement. performance evaluation.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 6
FTIR spectroscopy spectrum.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 7
XPS characterization of dual-shell amphiphobic fluorinated. nanocomposites. (a) Si 2p spectra; (b) C 1s spectra, (c) N 1s spectra, (d) F 1s spectra, (e) O 1s spectra, and (f) surface elemental composition (atomic percentage).
Source: Author’s contribution.
Table 1
Surface elemental composition determined by XPS (atomic %)
| Material | Si | O | C | N | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pristine SiO2 | 28.3 | 66.8 | 4.9 | — | — |
| APTES-MAnh | 22.1 | 56.7 | 18.2 | 3.0 | — |
| AFPCSMs | 12.8 | 32.1 | 37.6 | 2.3 | 15.2 |
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 8
TGA results: (a) TG and (b) DTG.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 9
Contact angle measurements of core samples treated with different materials: (a) Contact angle with water and (b) contact angle with n-hexadecane. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 8).
Source: Author’s contribution.
Table 2
Surface free energy of rocks with different materials
| Material | 0.01 wt% | 0.05 wt% | 0.10 wt% |
|---|---|---|---|
| APTES-MAnh | 59.72 mN/m | 51.46 mN/m | 45.78 mN/m |
| C-PFOTS | 37.18 mN/m | 12.79 mN/m | 6.20 mN/m |
| AFPCSMs | 33.10 mN/m | 6.18 mN/m | 1.44 mN/m |
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 10
Stability test results of different materials. (a) Thermal stability–contact angle with water, (b) thermal stability–contact angle with n-hexadecane, (c) salt resistance–contact angle with water, (d) salt resistance–Ccntact angle with n-hexadecane, (e) durability–contact angle with water, and (f) durability–contact angle with n-hexadecane.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 11
Analysis of stability mechanism.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 12
Evaluation of displacement performance for different materials: (a) Graph of the relationship between displacement volume and pressure and (b) relationship between displacement time and oil recovery efficiency.
Source: Author’s contribution.
Figure 13
Schematic diagram of enhanced oil recovery mechanisms.
Source: Author’s contribution.