A Proof-of-Concept IoT-Enabled Digital Product Passport Application for the Smart Digital Circular Economy

The European manufacturing sector is increasingly shaped by sustainability-oriented regulations introducing stricter requirements for product transparency, traceability, and lifecycle responsibility. In this context, Digital Product Passports have emerged as a mechanism for organizing and sharing productrelated sustainability and compliance information across value-chain actors. However, most existing Digital Product Passports implementations primarily rely on static data defined during product design or production, while dynamic information generated during the product use-phase remains largely unused. Internet of Things technologies are already widely deployed in industrial and commercial environments and enable continuous data collection from connected products through sensors and communication networks. Despite this technological maturity, current research indicates limited integration of dynamic use-phase product data into operational Digital Product Passports solutions. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a proof-of-concept application that integrates Internet of Things generated data into Digital Product Passports. Following the Design Science Research Methodology, the study develops and evaluates a digital artefact that combines static product information with dynamic sensor data related to product condition, usage, and location within a product-service system. The results demonstrate how such integration enhances product lifecycle visibility, supports data exchange among stakeholders, and contributes to Circular Economy strategies. The proposed IOTCEDPP model provides a replicable architectural and data-model foundation for developing sustainable, smart, connected, and circular products, supporting both real-world Internet of Things adoption and future large-scale Digital Product Passports implementations within the Smart Digital Circular Economy.