Newton–Raphson Method-based Power Flow Decoupling for Five-port Modular Multi-Active Bridge Converters

Modern energy systems require efficient power management, making multi-active bridge (MAB) converters ideal for electric vehicle (EV) charging and DC microgrids. However, higher port counts lead to magnetic coupling and non-linear dynamics, complicating independent control. This paper proposes a generalised power flow decoupling strategy for a five-port modular multi-active bridge (MMAB) converter using the Newton–Raphson (NR) method. Unlike traditional reduced-order models, a current-based model is employed to maintain modularity. A key contribution is the integration of the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse into the NR solver to mitigate Jacobian singularities and ensure numerical stability. The algorithm is implemented on a dual-core central processing unit (CPU), achieving a deterministic 40 μs execution time. Furthermore, this study identifies performance degradation caused by parasitic inductances in the modular AC bus and proposes an optimised design using magnetic flux cancellation. Modelling precision is further refined through offline fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based parameter identification. Experimental validation on a five-port MMAB prototype confirms that the proposed method provides superior steady-state accuracy and robust dynamic decoupling during rapid transient load transitions.