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Detection of Voltage Asymmetry Based on DC Link Ripple and Analysis of Its Impact on Diagnostic Processes in Complex Electric Drives Cover

Detection of Voltage Asymmetry Based on DC Link Ripple and Analysis of Its Impact on Diagnostic Processes in Complex Electric Drives

Open Access
|May 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Block diagram of the analysed series hybrid drive architecture. ICE, internal combustion engine; PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous generator.

Figure 2.

Detailed architecture of the series powertrain featuring a six-pulse rectifier and DC-link circuit. DC-link, direct current link; ICE, internal combustion engine; PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous generator.

Figure 3.

Stator current spectrum - PMSM rotor damage with diagnostic frequencies marked by arrows (Skowron et al., 2022). PMSMs, permanent magnet synchronous motors.

Figure 4.

Amplitude of the stator current (spectrum analysis) - PMSM stator damage – N meaning the amount of short-circuited winding turns (Pietrzak et al., 2023). PMSMs, permanent magnet synchronous motors.

Figure 5.

Schematic of the series HEV simulation model. DC-link, direct current link; HEV, hybrid electric vehicle; PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous generator; RL load, resistive–inductive load.

Figure 6.

Source and DC-link voltages with frequency spectrum analysis under balanced voltage. DC-link, direct current link.

Figure 7.

Source and DC-link voltages with frequency spectrum analysis under 50% increase of phase B voltage. DC-link, direct current link.

Figure 8.

Source, DC-link voltages with frequency spectrum analysis and AC/DC input currents under 50% increase of phase B voltage with inverter as a load. AC, alternating current; DC, direct current; DC-link, direct current link.

Figure 9.

Bispectrum analysis of UDC under changes of phase B voltages. From the left: balanced voltage, 120% of phase B voltage, 140% of phase B voltage.

Figure 10.

DC-link voltage waveforms for symmetrical stator resistances and increased phase B resistance (a) and PMSG stator phase currents under balanced and unbalanced conditions (b). DC-link, direct current link; PMSG, permanent magnet synchronous generator.

Figure 11.

Comparison of UDC harmonic amplitudes under different levels of phase B resistance asymmetry: (a) 50% resistance increase, (b) 1% and 10% resistance increase.

Figure 12.

Comparison of harmonics values of UDC while multiple phases resistance change.

Figure 13.

Schematic of experimental setup. DC-link, direct current link.

Figure 14.

Test setup core components: three autotransformers (a) and AC/DC/AC converter (b). AC, alternating current; DC, direct current.

Figure 15.

Experiment flowchart.

Figure 16.

Waveforms of UDC under DC-link B phase voltage change. DC-link, direct current link.

Figure 17.

Frequency spectrum of chosen UDC harmonics under different B phase voltage values (a) and frequency spectrum of chosen UDC harmonics under different A and B phase voltage values (b).

Figure 18.

Frequency spectrum of chosen UDC harmonics under balanced (a) and unbalanced (b) condition. FFT, fast Fourier transform.

Figure 19.

VRUF value in respect to the phase B voltage change. FFT, fast Fourier transform; VRUF, voltage ripple unbalance factor.

Figure 20.

VRUF value in respect to the DC-link capacitance change. DC-link, direct current link;. FFT, fast Fourier transform; VRUF, voltage ripple unbalance factor.

Figure 21.

Boxplots of VRUF values for the FFT (a) and filter (b) approaches. FFT, fast Fourier transform; VRUF, voltage ripple unbalance factor.

Comparison of voltage unbalance detection and measurement methods_

ArticleSignals usedAmount of sensors requiredSampling frequencyTested for DC-link capacitance changeUncontrolled rectifier specific
Widagdo et al. (2024)Load phase currents3UnknownNoNo
Li et al. (2022)Phase voltages38,000 HzNoNo
Al-Naimi et al. (2021)Phase voltages31,000 HzNoNo
Sun et al. (2013)Phase voltages3600 HzNoNo
Bogarra et al. (2022)DC-link voltage ripple150,000 HzNoYes
This paperDC-link voltage ripple110,000 HzYesYes

Simulation model parameters

ParametersValue
Stator single phase resistance2.875 Ω
Stator single phase inductance9.5 mH
Generator voltage frequency50 Hz
DC-link capacitance4.7 mF
Load inductance1 mH
Load resistance100 Ω

DC-link capacitance values under the test

Case numberTotal capacitance (μF)
11175
21044
3940
4881
5705
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pead-2026-0012 | Journal eISSN: 2543-4292 | Journal ISSN: 2451-0262
Language: English
Page range: 188 - 201
Submitted on: Jan 12, 2026
Accepted on: Apr 9, 2026
Published on: May 14, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Stanisław Oliszewski, Mateusz Dybkowski, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.