Tab. 1:
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
| Criterion | Code | Inclusion | Exclusion | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Filter | Year of publication | FB-01 | 2015 to June 2025 | Before 2015 or after June 2025 |
| Language | FB-02 | Spanish and English | Other languages without accessible translation | |
| Access | FB-03 | Open Access | Restricted or unavailable publications | |
| Document type | FB-04 | Journal | Books, papers, theses, abstracts, editorials, conferences | |
| Eligibility | Thematic Area | RT-01 | Application and approach of Lean Construction and/or BIM in the Construction Industry | Application and approach of Lean Construction and/or BIM in sectors other than the Construction sector |
| Relevance in results | RT-02 | Contributions resulting from research on benefits and/or barriers and/or trends | Net presentation of results without added value or conclusions regarding benefits and/or barriers and/or trends | |
| Type of studies | RT-03 | Case studies, systematic reviews, empirical studies | Tests without evidence or practical application in construction projects. |
Fig. 1:
PRISMA process flow. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
Tab. 2:
Identified subcategories
| Category | Subcategory |
|---|---|
| Benefits | Productivity |
| Cost efficiency | |
| Interdisciplinary coordination | |
| Quality improvement | |
| Waste reduction | |
| Data-driven decision-making | |
| Barriers | Technological |
| Cultural | |
| Economic | |
| Training/skills | |
| Trend | Use of 4D and 5D models |
| Integration of Lean + BIM frameworks | |
| Digitisation of collaborative processes | |
| Automation and predictive analytics | |
| Standardisation and repeatability of processes | |
| Cultural and organisational transformation |
Fig. 2:
Publications per year.
Fig. 3:
Number of articles grouped by source name.
Fig. 4:
Number of articles per publisher.
Tab. 4:
Number of articles per country of publication
| Continent | Subgroup | Country | Frequency | % of total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| America | North America | Canada | 2 | 3.70 |
| North America | USA | 2 | 3.70 | |
| South America | Chili | 5 | 9.26 | |
| South America | Brazil | 1 | 1.85 | |
| Asia | Western Asia | Türkiye | 1 | 1.85 |
| Southeast Asia | Malaysia | 1 | 1.85 | |
| Europe | Southern Europe | Spain | 1 | 1.85 |
| Southern Europe | Portugal | 1 | 1.85 | |
| Western Europe | Swiss | 23 | 42.59 | |
| Western Europe | United Kingdom | 10 | 18.52 | |
| Western Europe | Netherlands | 6 | 11.11 | |
| Eastern Europe | Lithuania | 1 | 1.85 |
Tab. 5:
Number of journals according to category and subcategories
| Category | Subcategory | Lean construction | BIM | LEAN + BIM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N Articles | % Articles | N Articles | % Articles | N Articles | % Articles | ||
| Benefits | Productivity | 29 | 53.70 | 28 | 51.85 | 21 | 38.89 |
| Cost efficiency | 21 | 38.89 | 22 | 40.74 | 18 | 33.33 | |
| Interdisciplinary coordination | 17 | 31.48 | 24 | 44.44 | 21 | 38.89 | |
| Quality improvement | 23 | 42.59 | 24 | 44.44 | 22 | 40.74 | |
| Waste reduction | 23 | 42.59 | 24 | 44.44 | 21 | 38.89 | |
| Data-driven decision making | 20 | 37.04 | 22 | 40.74 | 20 | 37.04 | |
| Barriers | Technological | 19 | 35.19 | 19 | 35.19 | 17 | 31.48 |
| Cultural | 12 | 22.22 | 11 | 20.37 | 10 | 18.52 | |
| Economic | 7 | 12.96 | 6 | 11.11 | 6 | 11.11 | |
| Training/skills | 13 | 24.07 | 12 | 22.22 | 12 | 22.22 | |
| Trend | Use of 4D and 5D models | 12 | 22.22 | 13 | 24.07 | 13 | 24.07 |
| Integration of Lean + BIM frameworks | 20 | 37.04 | 18 | 33.33 | 20 | 37.04 | |
| Digitisation of collaborative processes | 18 | 33.33 | 19 | 35.19 | 19 | 35.19 | |
| Automation and predictive analytics | 11 | 20.37 | 15 | 27.78 | 12 | 22.22 | |
| Standardisation and repeatability of processes | 16 | 29.63 | 14 | 25.93 | 17 | 31.48 | |
| Cultural and organisational transformation | 20 | 37.04 | 21 | 38.89 | 21 | 38.89 | |