Properties of white concrete in maritime environment

Marijan Skazlić; Marko Maglov; Hamdo Mešić

doi:10.2478/otmcj-2026-0004

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Properties of white concrete in maritime environment

Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

By: Marijan Skazlić, Marko Maglov and Hamdo Mešić

Open Access

|May 2026

Figures & Tables

View of the lone hotel promenade and beach (left) and Mandalina hotel (right).

Overview of testing capillary water absorption coefficient (left) and chloride diffusion coefficient (right).

Laboratory mixer, concrete components, vibrating table (left), white cement and metakaolin (right).

Particle size distribution of aggregate fractions.

Comparison of whiteness of samples produced using white cement (left), GC with titanium dioxide and metakaolin (centre) and GC (right). GC, grey cement.

Influence of metakaolin content on the individual test values of the chloride diffusion coefficient.

Final appearance of white concrete walls (left) and view of the hotel during the construction phase (right).

Preparation of formwork for concrete casting (left) and coating of formwork prior to concrete casting (right).

Visual appearance of the interior (left) and exterior (right) part of the hotel during construction works.

Final visual appearance of grinded white concrete surface.

Placing of white concrete (left) and final grinding and polishing (right).

View of the promenade and beach, constructed using white concrete.

Properties of concrete mixtures M 1 to M 8 in the hardened state_

Property	Unit	Concrete mixture
Property	Unit	M 1	M 2	M 3	M 4	M 5	M 6	M 7	M 8
Compressive strength after 1 day	MPa	66.5	63.7	65.6	51.3	72.3	74.4	76.5	59.3
Compressive strength after 28 days	MPa	94.6	94.4	102.4	103.5	102.9	109.4	109.9	98.1
Tensile splitting strength	MPa	7.2	6.6	7.2	7.1	8.1	8.0	6.4	7.7
Static modulus of elasticity	GPa	50.7	49.2	48.4	49.5	49.2	50.0	49.4	55.9
Capillary absorption coefficient	kg/m²h^0·5	0.16	0.12	0.12	0.21	0.20	0.13	0.16	0.13
Chloride diffusion coefficient	10⁻¹² m²/s	7.2	3.8	4.5	2.8	6.8	2.4	2.7	2.8

Composition of concrete mixtures M 9 do M 15_

Components	Concrete mixture
Components		M 9	M 10	M 11	M 12	M 13	M 14	M 15
WC 1	306	324	306	324	335	324	335
MK 1	54	36	54	36	25	36	25
Titanium dioxide	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Water	151	151	140	140	140	130	130
Superplasticiser	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4
Aggregate 0–4 mm	936	937	950	952	952	966	966
Aggregate 4–8 mm	281	281	247	247	247	290	290
Aggregate 8–16 mm	655	655	666	666	666	677	677
Water-binder ratio	0.42	0.42	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.36	0.36

Properties of concrete mixtures M 1 to M 8 in the fresh state_

Property	Unit	Concrete mixture
Property	Unit	M 1	M 2	M 3	M 4	M 5	M 6	M 7	M 8
Slump consistency	mm	210	210	190	180	210	210	210	200
Density	kg/dm³	2.55	2.55	2.51	2.50	2.57	2.57	2.59	2.56
Temperature	°C	27.1	27.2	27.4	28.2	28.9	29.0	29.0	28.7
Air content	%	1.1	1.3	1.9	2.2	1.5	1.5	1.6	2.2

Properties of concrete mixtures M 9 to M 15 in the fresh state_

Property	Unit	Concrete mixture
Property	Unit	M 9	M 10	M 11	M 12	M 13	M 14	M 15
Slump consistency	mm	210	200	200	210	210	210	220
Density	kg/dm³	2.54	2.52	2.55	2.50	2.51	2.51	2.56
Temperature	°C	26.2	25.2	24.5	24.3	25.4	25.1	24.8
Air content	%	1.2	1.3	1.8	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.1

Properties of concrete mixtures M 9 to M 15 in the hardened state

Property	Unit	Concrete mixture
Property	Unit	M 9	M 10	M 11	M 12	M 13	M 14	M 15
Compressive strength after 1 day	MPa	48.5	48	55.8	65,5	64.2	56.6	61.4
Compressive strength after 28 days	MPa	83.4	81.2	99.8	99.3	99.7	90.1	97.9
Static modulus of elasticity	GPa	42.9	42.2	44.7	47.4	46.7	43.9	44.7
Capillary absorption coefficient	kg/m²h^0.5	0.20	0.21	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.19	0.20
Chloride diffusion coefficient	10⁻¹² m²/s	6.5	8.2	4.3	6.3	6.0	7.2	7.7

Cement properties

Svojstvo	Unit	WC 1 CEM I 52.5 R	WC 2 CEM I 52.5 R	GC CEM I 52.5 N
Density	kg/dm³	3.00	2.96	3.05
Setting time	min	110	130	150
Le Chatilier volume stability	mm	1.0	0.9	0.4
Compressive strength after 2 days	MPa	37	45	36
Compressive strength after 28 days	MPa	60	66	62
SO₃ content	%	3.5	3.5	3.7
Cl^- content	%	0.01	0.01	0.01
Loss on ignition	%	3.5	2	1.5
Insoluble residue	%	0.2	0.5	0.8

Composition of concrete mixtures M 1 do M 8_

Components	Concrete mixture
Components	M 1	M 2	M 3	M 4	M 5	M 6	M 7	M 8
WC 1	360	360	360	-	-	-	-	-
WC 2	-	-	-	-	360	360	360	-
GC	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	360
MK 1	-	45	-	45	-	45	-	-
MK 2	-	-	45	-	-		45	45
Titanium dioxide	-	-	-	18			-	18
Water	137	137	137	137	137	137	137	137
Superplasticiser	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4
Aggregate 0–4 mm	1,041	995	995	994	1,041	995	995	994
Aggregate 4–8 mm	258	247	247	247	258	247	247	247
Aggregate 8–16 mm	773	739	739	738	773	739	739	738
Water-binder ratio	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.38

References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2026-0004 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450

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Language: English

Page range: 51 - 63

Submitted on: Aug 1, 2025

Accepted on: Mar 12, 2026

Published on: May 18, 2026

Published by: University of Zagreb

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

architectural concrete,

chloride diffusion coefficient,

maritime environment,

Related subjects:

Introductions and overviews,

Engineering, other

© 2026 Marijan Skazlić, Marko Maglov, Hamdo Mešić, published by University of Zagreb
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 18 (2026): Issue 1 (January 2026)

Properties of white concrete in maritime environment

Figures & Tables

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Properties of concrete mixtures M 1 to M 8 in the hardened state_

Composition of concrete mixtures M 9 do M 15_

Properties of concrete mixtures M 1 to M 8 in the fresh state_

Properties of concrete mixtures M 9 to M 15 in the fresh state_

Properties of concrete mixtures M 9 to M 15 in the hardened state

Cement properties

Composition of concrete mixtures M 1 do M 8_

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