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Innovative approaches to productivity monitoring: Integrating work sampling and electronic performance monitoring Cover

Innovative approaches to productivity monitoring: Integrating work sampling and electronic performance monitoring

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1:

Research method.
Research method.

Fig. 2:

Welders use smartphones, and researchers conduct the WS. WS, work sampling.
Welders use smartphones, and researchers conduct the WS. WS, work sampling.

Fig. 3:

Productive zones are a concept related to workers’ occupations. IZ, idle zone; MZ, mixed zone; PZ, production zone.
Productive zones are a concept related to workers’ occupations. IZ, idle zone; MZ, mixed zone; PZ, production zone.

Fig. 4:

Schematic representation flow of the EPM process conducted. EPM, electronic performance monitoring.
Schematic representation flow of the EPM process conducted. EPM, electronic performance monitoring.

Fig. 5:

PDF: (a) EPZ; (b) EIZ. EIZ, electronic factor of the idle zone; EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone.
PDF: (a) EPZ; (b) EIZ. EIZ, electronic factor of the idle zone; EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone.

Fig. 6:

The PDF: (a) LRF-PDF (Calvetti and Ferreira 2018); (b) IRF-PDF (Calvetti and Ferreira 2018). IRF, idleness rating factor; LRF, labour rating factor.
The PDF: (a) LRF-PDF (Calvetti and Ferreira 2018); (b) IRF-PDF (Calvetti and Ferreira 2018). IRF, idleness rating factor; LRF, labour rating factor.

Fig. 7:

Probability distribution functions of EPZ and LRF comparison. EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone; LRF, labour rating factor.
Probability distribution functions of EPZ and LRF comparison. EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone; LRF, labour rating factor.

Fig. 8:

Calibration abacus EPZ to LRF. EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone; LRF, labour rating factor.
Calibration abacus EPZ to LRF. EPZ, electronic factor of the production zone; LRF, labour rating factor.

Adrian (2004), confidence limits

Sample sizes (95% confidence limits)
Category proportion (%)Limits of error (%)
135710
509,6001,06738419696
40/609,2161,02436918892
30/708,06489632316581
20/806,14468324612561
10/903,4563841387135
1/99380421584

Work sampling of the non-productive state

Non-productive stateObservationsPercentage (%)
Walking66641.86
Human physical conditions33721.18
Waiting for the crane operation23915.02
Management, health and safety meetings1529.55
Awaiting quality inspection815.09
No joints released to start welding533.33
No welding machine or defective machine513.21
Interruption of activities due to the tubes Rigging120.75
Total1,591100.00

Work sampling of the productive state

Productive stateObservationsPercentage (%)
Welding1,07053.88
Grinding43021.65
Closing activities, organising and cleaning the workplace1648.26
Evaluating the task1145.74
Changing diffusers/torch-nozzle or tungsten sharpening753.78
Spool adjustments and alignments703.52
Recording the signet (Id)321.61
Closing spool openings to purge241.21
Cleaning the work area70.35
Total1,986100.00
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/otmcj-2025-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1847-6228 | Journal ISSN: 1847-5450
Language: English
Page range: 121 - 136
Submitted on: Aug 30, 2024
Accepted on: Apr 29, 2025
Published on: Jul 24, 2025
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year

© 2025 Diego Calvetti, Miguel Luiz Ribeiro Ferreira, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.